I was just going through my boxes in storage the other day when I found this interesting article in an old U.S. News & World report magazine. I have taken the time to type in half of the article here and then stopped to allow for speculation and comments before I conclude it tomarrow or perhaps even later.
The following is from the August 18-25, 1997 issue of U.S. News & World Report (pages 52-54).
What do you think the reason is?
The following is from the August 18-25, 1997 issue of U.S. News & World Report (pages 52-54).
Why Should Males Exist?
The reason are that women bred them to be that way
By Matt Ridley
You do not need to be a feminist to recognize that men are the root of a lot of the world’s troubles.
Compared with women, they are more likely to drive fast, commit murders, desert their spouses, abuse children, develop autism or hemophilia, get into fights, become alcoholics, fail at school, find modern service-sector employment uncongenial, get cancer, and die young. Now that Dolly the cloned sheep has shown us that female mammals can be produced directly from cells of other females, the human race might well ask whether it’s necessary to put up with these troubles anymore. Dolly aside, there are already many species that happily or occasionally indulge in parthenogenesis (Greek for virgin birth): Turkeys can develop (with difficulty) in unfertilized eggs. Whiptail lizards are an all-female species. Various fish, crustaceans, insects, and worms can reproduce without the male sex. Some microscopic animals, such as bdelloid roifters, appear to have gone without sex for at least 40 million years. Many common plants such as dandelions are wholly asexual. These species stand as living proof that sex is unnecessary.
And not just unnecessary, but downright wasteful: sex means giving away 50 percent of the shares in your own offspring. Asexual reproduction means holding on to all the equity. Companies that give away 50 percent of their equity every few years have to grow twice as fast as companies that do not, or the market will bury them. This biological paradox is so puzzling that some biologists have been tempted to chalk up sex to an accident of history. It’s useless, but species like ours can’t get rid of it.
If sex were truly useless, though, a species that did manage to get rid of it ought to say good riddance and return to the happy state of the roifter. But consider the greenfly: It is perfectly able to reproduce asexually, but it reverts to sexual reproduction after only a few generations. It simply would not do so if sex did not carry some evolutionary advantage/
Many ideas have been advanced to explain the purpose of sex; the only one that is defiantly wrong is the one still given in most textbooks-that sex is good for the species because it helps it to evolve. That would be rather like one company arguing that it’s willing to take 50 percent loss because it’s helping the evolution of all other companies in the same business in the process. Few shareholders would be impressed.
The search for other explanations for sex starts with the observation of where sex happens and where it does not. Almost all animals and plants living in tropical rain forests and coral reefs are sexual. Many animals and plants living in temporary or unstable habitats-freshwater ponds, ephemeral forest clearings, arctic tundras, alpine meadows-do without males. This counts against several theories: First to go is the idea that sex is there to repair mutations. Animals and plants that live at high altitudes, drenched with mutation-causing ultraviolet light, are among the most likely to be asexual.
Second to go are a bunch of theories that explain sex as a sort of reshuffling of the genetic pack to adapt to changing environments. Yet it is precisely in stable environments like rain forests that sex seems most indispensable.
What do you think the reason is?