Let's Get Random

[Juliangel]

Presidents and their children

1. President George Washington (1789-1797)
The first President had no biological children. When he married the widow Martha Custis he became the stepfather to her surviving son and daughter.
John "Jacky" Parke Custis .
Martha "Patsy" Parke Custis

2. President John Adams (1797-1801)
Abigail "Nabby" Adams Smith
John Quincy Adams
Susanna Adams
Charles Adams
Thomas Boylston Adams

3. President Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)
Martha Washington Jefferson Randolph
Jane Randolph Jefferson
Mary "Polly" "Maria" Jefferson Eppes
Lucy Elizabeth I
Lucy Elizabeth II
Children of Sally Hemings
Were children born to Sally Hemings fathered by Thomas Jefferson? Nobody can say for sure, but in the late 1990s headlines and a television mini-series trumpeted the fact that DNA evidence confirmed the illegitimate liaison between Hemings and the third President of the United States. Closer inspections of the "evidence" have cast doubts on the conclusiveness of the DNA results, with other theories and explanations being proposed, but the possibility still exists. Tom was born in 1790 in France during Jefferson's time as the U.S. Representatives. Harriet I on October 5, 1795, Beverly in 1798, Harriet II in May of 1801, Madison in January 1805 and Eston in May 1808.

4. President James Madison (1809-1817)
John Payne Todd
He was the son of Dolley Madison, Born 1792, died 1852.
The fourth President had no biological children of his own but married Dorothea "Dolley" Dandridge Payne Todd, a widow, who was the mother of two.

5. President James Monroe (1817-1825)
Eliza Kortright Monroe Hay
J. S. Monroe
Maria Hester Monroe Gouverneur

6. President John Quincy Adams (1825-1829)
George Washington Adams
John Adams II
Charles Frances Adams
Louisa Catherine Adams

7. President Andrew Jackson (1829-1837)
Andrew Jackson, Jr.

8. President Martin Van Buren (1837-1841)
Abraham Van Buren
John Van Buren
Martin Van Buren, Jr.
Smith Thompson Van Buren

9. President William Henry Harrison (1841)
Elizabeth "Betsey" Bassett Harrison Short
John Cleves Symmes Harrison
Lucy Singleton Harrison Este
William Henry Harrison, Jr.
John Scott Harrison
Benjamin Harrison
Mary Symmes Harrison Thornton.
Carter Bassett Harrison
Anna Tuthill Harrison Taylor
James Findlay Harrison

10. President John Tyler (1841-1845)
Mary Tyler Jones
Robert Tyler
John Tyler, Jr.
Letitia (Letty) Tyler Semple
Elizabeth "Lizzie" Tyler Waller
Anne Contesse Tyler
Alice Tyler Denison.
Tazewell Tyler
David Gardiner "Gardie" Tyler
John Alexander "Alex" Tyler
Julia Tyler Spencer
Lachlan Tyler
Lyon Gardiner Tyler
Robert Fitzwalter Tyler
Pearl Tyler Ellis

11. President James K. Polk (1845-1849)
Marshall Polk

12. President Zachary Taylor (1849-1850)
Anne Margaret Mackall Taylor Wood
Sarah "Knox" Taylor Davis
Octavia Pannel Taylor
Margaret Smith Taylor
Mary Elizabeth Taylor Bliss Dandridge

13. President Millard Fillmore (1850-1853)
Millard Powers Fillmore
Mary Abigail "Abby" Fillmore

14. President Franklin Pierce (1853-1857)
Franklin Pierce
Frank Robert Pierce
Benjamin Pierce

15. President James Buchanan (1857-1861)
The only President never to marry, Buchanan was engaged at twenty-eight, but his fiancée died from a sedative overdose. Though successful in winning the highest elected office in the land, the fifteenth President remained a bachelor until his death.

16. President Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865)
Robert Todd Lincoln
Edward Baker "Eddie" Lincoln
Thomas "Tad" Lincoln

17. President Andrew Johnson (1865-1869)
Martha Johnson Patterson
Charles Johnson
Mary Johnson Stover Brown
Robert Johnson
Andrew Johnson, Jr.

18. President Ulysses S. Grant (1869-1877)
Fredrick Dent Grant
Ulysses Simpson "Buck" Grant, Jr.
Ellen Wrenshall "Nellie" Grant Sartoris Jones
Jesse Root Grant

19. President Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881)
Birchard Austin Hayes.
James Webb Cook Hayes
Rutherford Platt Hayes
George Crook Hayes
Fanny Hayes Smith
Manning Force Hayes

20. President James A. Garfield (1881)
Eliza Arabella "Trot" Garfield
Harry Augustus "Hal" Garfield
James Rudolf Garfield
Mary "Mollie" Garfield Stanley-Brown
Irvin McDowell Garfield
Abram Garfield
Edward Garfield

21. President Chester Alan Arthur (1881-1885)
William Lewis Arthur
Ellen Herndon "Nell" Arthur Pinkerton

22 & 24. President Grover Cleveland (1885-1889 and 1893-1897)
Oscar Folsom Cleveland
Ruth Cleveland
Esther Cleveland Bosanquet
Marion Cleveland Dell Amen
Richard Folsom "Dick" Cleveland
Francis Grover Cleveland

23. President Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893)
Russell Benjamin Harrison
Mary "Mamie" Scott Harrison McKee
Elizabeth Harrison Walker

25. President William McKinley (1897-1901)
Katherine "Katie" McKinley
Ida McKinley

26. President Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909)
Alice Lee Roosevelt Longworth
Theodore "Ted" Roosevelt, Jr.
Kermit Roosevelt
Ethel Carow Roosevelt Derby
Archibald "Archie" Bulloch Roosevelt
Quentin Roosevelt

27. President William Howard Taft (1909-1913)
Robert Alphonso Taft
Helen Herron Taft Manning
Charles Phelps Taft

28. President Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921)
Margaret Woodrow Wilson
Jessie Woodrow Wilson Sayre
Eleanor "Nellie" Randolph Wilson McAdoo

29. President Warren G. Harding (1921-1923)
Eugene Marshall "Pete" DeWolfe
Elizabeth Ann (Ann) Christian Blaesing, also called Elizabeth Ann Harding, and Emma Eloise Britton

30. President Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929)
John Coolidge
Calvin Coolidge Jr.

31. President Herbert Clark Hoover (1929-1933)
Herbert Hoover, Jr.
Allan Henry Hoover

32. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1933-1945)
Anna Eleanor Roosevelt Dall Boettiger Halsted
James "Jimmy" Roosevelt
Franklin Roosevelt
Elliott Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Jr.
John Aspinwall Roosevelt

33. President Harry S. Truman (1945-1953)
(Mary) Margaret Truman Daniel

34. Dwight David Eisenhower (1953-1961)
Doud Dwight (Ikky) Eisenhower
John Sheldon Doud Eisenhower

35. John Fitzgerald Kennedy (1961-1963)
Child, never named, stillborn in 1955.
Caroline Kennedy Schlossberg
John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Jr.
Patrick Bouvier Kennedy

36. Lyndon Baines Johnson (1963-1969)
Lynda Bird Robb
Luci Baines Johnson Turpin

37. Richard Milhous Nixon (1969-1974)
Tricia Nixon Cox
Julie Nixon Eisenhower

38. Gerald Rudolph Ford (1974-1977)
Michael Gerald Ford
John "Jack" Gardner Ford
Steven Meigs Ford
Susan Ford Vance Bales

39. James Earl Carter, Jr. (1977-1981)
John William "Jack" Carter
James Earl "Chip" Carter III
Donnell Jeffrey "Jeff" Carter
Amy Carter Wentzel

40. Ronald Wilson Reagan (1981-1989)
Maureen Reagan Revell
Michael Reagan
Patricia "Patti Davis" Ann Reagan
Ronald Prescott Reagan

41. George Herbert Walker Bush (1989-1993)
George Walker Bush
Pauline Robinson "Robin" Bush
John Ellis "Jeb" Bush
Neil Mallon Bush
Marvin Pierce Bush
Dorothy "Doro" Bush Koch

42. William Jefferson Clinton (1993-2001)
Chelsea Victoria Clinton

43. George W. Bush (2001-
Barbara Pierce Bush
Jenna Welch Bush

 

[tNs]

Newspapers by State

Right here, click me

 

[pretty_green_eyes]

Shepherd's Pie

English Shepherd's Pie
Serving Size : 6

5 large Potatoes
Salt
2 tablespoons Butter/margarine
1 dash Milk/whipping cream
Pepper
1 pound Lean ground beef
1 large Tomato chopped
6 Sliced mushrooms
2 tablespoons Chopped parsley
1 tablespoon Tomato paste
1 dash Worcestershire sauce
1 cup Brown gravy
1 package (10-oz) frozen peas or 1 lb -- peas shelled


Cook potatoes in salted water to cover. Drain, cool and peel. Mash in large bowl with butter, milk and season to taste with salt and pepper. Set aside. Saute beef until browned, stirring to keep meat crumbly. Season to taste with salt and pepper. Add tomatoes, mushrooms, parsley, tomato paste, Worcestershire and gravy. Stir to mix. Add peas and cook about 5 minutes. Turn mixture into casserole.
Spread potatoes evenly over meat. Bake at 400 degrees 40 minutes until top is crispy brown.

 

[tNs]

Marijauna Seed List

Romulan

Height: A short plant; three to four feet
Flowering: 8-9 weeks
Yield: Low to medium


The very best of the best fetching $6,000 per pound in California.
These seeds are spawned from the original plant, their grandmother is the mother plant that started it all.

Experience: One wrote; Imagination under your control...inside the pretty pictures, flash words, tapestries fall, thinking stops, sleeping warriors fight within pleasure walls, light is seen through the tunnel, you awake rested.
The romulan has won.

Description: small tight floral clusters

Taste: Tangy sweet

Quality of High: Outstanding! very high calx to leaf ratio

Heritage: Your Star Trek tri-chorder cannot get much of reading... it has some Indica Kush in its background and was a Vancouver Island strain at one time.
The rest is top secret, or at least that what the aliens tell me.

Medical: Has been used regularly by cancer patients for help in dealing with the pain.

Growing Info:Let me see.... our grow master says it is not that susceptible to mold it is fairly easy to manicure but hard to get the clones to root, the rest depends on you!
Other: Grow expert Cervantes says "This plant with Indica Kush heritage will keep you mellow for several hours.
Resin begins to appear during the last few weeks of flowering.
At harvest, the resin is oozing, but not frosty."

Genetics: For the pot technicians out there; they are homogeneous stabilized F1 seeds.

Price: $190.00 or Nineteen bars of gold pressed Latinum, if you have it


Vulcan

Height: 5 feet and up
Flowering: 7-8 weeks
Yield: Medium to high

Experience: Hidden fears lie beneath the veil, within clarity found..rolling waves of energy bounce inside .. humanity is seen in this chaos.
Emotional, tingling logic. The vulcan shows you the way thorough this never-ending storm. Live long and prosper.

Taste: Between cotton candy and tutti fruitty.

Quality of high: Cerebral sweet and pure. Cool, collected and logical. If you want a smoke that keeps you high all day, but still allows you to add and subtract,
this bud's for you.

Heritage: Your tri-chorder says a 80:20 Sativa to Indica ratio.

Medical: Used for migraines.

Growing info: An indoor and outdoor variety which does well in both environments, cloning is very easy for a beginner as it has a good calx to leaf ratio. It is easy to manicure.

Genetics: 60% stabilized F1 seeds.

Price: $150 or Fifteen bars of gold pressed Latinum


Betazoid

Flowering: 9 weeks
Yield: Heavy commercial producer

Experience: One wrote; Help control your life... realize your hidden potential... counsel your doubts. Strengthen your resolution and endurance... release your pain.
Counselor Troy can lead you through the fog to be healed, the Betazoid is here.

Quality of high: Cerebral, almost pure Sativa.

Growing info: As soon as cuttings take root you can force flowering with this variety, a good variety to choose a clone from.
Can be little susceptible to mold and not easy to manicure.
A good indoor and outdoor grower.

Genetics: Stabilized hybrid seeds F1.

Price: $150 or Fifteen bars of gold pressed Latinum







These next seeds are from a famous Dutch Seed Co.
but we have changed the name at their request.
All information is directly from the

Siddhartha Seed Catalog.

This company won 2nd and 3rd prize in '94 and '95 respectively for Best Seed Co.
at the Cannabis Cup!





Blueberry

Type: Indica-Sativa
Height: 0.7 - 1 meter (2-3 feet)
Vegetation: 1-2 weeks after roots show, clip center cola
Flowering: 45-55 days
Yield: 300-325 grams per square meter

A mostly Indica plant of superior quality.
This fat maturing plant produces large crystallized buds with natural occurring bluish hues.
The berry taste is unmistakable and very pleasurable to the palate.
A favored treat for all connoisseurs' cannabis menu.
Pick some Blueberry and have a happy, healthy harvest.

Price: 10 seeds for $250.00


Bubbleberry Seed

Type: Indica-Sativa
Height: 0.7 - 1 meter (2-3 feet)
Vegetation: 1-2 weeks after roots show, clip center cola
Flowering: 45-55 days
Yield: 300-325 grams per square meter

Bubblegum and Blueberry hybrid.
Larger buds with more strength and taste than Bubblegum.

Price: 10 seeds for $250.00


Mongolian Indica

Type: Indica
Height: 1 meter
Vegetation: 1 week after roots show, clip center cola
Flowering: 55-60 days
Yield: 300-325 grams per square meter

Almost pure Indica with a fantastic mango flavor.

Price: 10 seeds for $200.00

Blue Velvet

Type: Mostly Sativa
Height: 1 - 1.5 meters
Vegetation: 1 week after rooting
Flowering: 65-70 days
Yield: 250 - 300 grams per square meter

Oregon - Thai cross, with blue hues and a soaring cerebral high.

Price: 10 seeds for $250.00


Special K

Type: Indica-Sativa
Height: 1.2 - 1.5 meters
Vegetation: flower shortly after roots show
Flowering: 65 - 75 days
Yield: 325 - 425 grams per square meter

A Sativa-Indica hybrid that produces a quick stone with a long lasting cerebral high.
This is a tall plant with a large girth and giant calyxes.
The aroma is spicy with a slight sandalwood taste.
This one can satisfy any connoisseurs' taste.
So wake and bake with a bud of Special K.

Price: 10 seeds for $250.00


Flo

Type: Indica - Sativa
Height: 1 meter
Vegetation: 1 - 1.5 weeks after roots show
Flowering: 55 - 60 days
Yield: 300 grams per square meter

A very unique Indica-Sativa hybrid that produces a meditative stone.
Great for musicians and computer operators, try it while you’re internet surfing!

Price: 10 seeds for $225.00


Western Winds

Type: Mostly Sativa
Height: 1.2 - 1.5 meters
Vegetation: Flower shortly after roots show
Flowering: 70 - 75 days
Yield: 300 - 350 grams per square meter

An almost pure Sativa with a soaring cerebral high.
A favorite amongst Rastafarians who wish to have a high energy buzz.
Fantastic for conversation or romance.
It has relaxing and invigorating qualities, a unique oriental aroma and a spiritual high.
Whether smoked in the morning or the evening, the experience is always rewarding and pleasurable. Put Western Wind in your sails and ride the high tide.

Price: 10 seeds for $200.00


Slyder

Type: Indica
Height: 1 meter
Vegetation: 1 week after roots show, clip center cola
Flowering: 55 - 60 days
Yield: 300 - 325 grams per square meter

This Indica produces dense, crystallized buds with a strong aroma.
The plant was originally developed from seeds obtained from Afghanistan.
The strain was crossed with a potent Northern Lights to make it possible to cultivate indoors.
This beauty produces a strong lethargic stone, that enables a person to “float” across the room.
Usually from the couch, to the kitchen, and back again.
Hence the name Slyder, have a toke or two and slide in to another reality.

Price: 10 seeds for $275.00







Dutch Passion Seed Company

We are proud to present this collection.
The yield per female is between 100 and 400 grams in the different strains.

It is best to start outdoor varieties in the beginning of April, keeping them in a greenhouse for the first few weeks.





Mazar-I-Sharif

Price: 10 seeds for $120.00


Amstel Gold (Outdoor)

Type: Indica
Flowering: 6 weeks
Harvest under natural light: End of September or the 1st week of October

Amstel is a variety developed in California during the '70's.
It has been grown outdoors in Holland since the '80's.
It smokes soft, with a citrus-like aroma and has a good high.
Very easy to grow.
This variety grows with long compact resinous buds.
One of the best outdoor varieties from our collection.
THC = 18.6%, CBD < 0.1%, S/T = 8.4%

Price: 10 seeds for $75.00


Buddah

Flowering: 8 weeks
Harvest under natural light: End of October

Another favorite from our collection, developed by our breeders in 1996.
A female Northern Lights x Shiva x Haze crossed with a male Northern Lights x Shiva x Skunk.
The talk of the town in Amsterdam
THC = 6.2%, CBD 0%, S/T = 4.8%

Price: 10 seeds for $120.00


Skunk x Indica (Outdoor/Greenhouse) Trance

Flowering: 7 weeks

With 100% Skunk seeds it is not possible to grow fully mature plants outdoors.
Pure Skunk seeds require artificial lights or a greenhouse.
To meet the needs of the outdoor grower, Skunk was crossed with an Indica so it would mature earlier, as well as make it stronger for outdoor growing conditions.
This is the F1 generation.
This cross has generated a very nice strain.
THC = 11.1%, CBD = 0.4%

Price: 10 seeds for $85.00


Holland's Hope (Outdoor)

Flowering: 8 weeks

One of the first Dutch outdoor strains.
This strain has been grown in Holland since the '80's.
A heavy Indica variety with a knockout stone.
An important character of this plant is that it is very mold resistant.
Well recommended.

Price: 10 seeds for $85.00


Purple #1 (Outdoor)

Flowering: 8 weeks
Yield: Respectable

This is a strong plant (50% Indica/50% Sativa) that is easy to grow.
Afghan seeds have been crossed in Holland with Indica and Sativa varieties since 1983. The plants are fully adapted to the Dutch climate and have a respectable yield.
This variety has calyxes that turn purple, starting at the beginning of flowering.
Up to 90% of the plants turn purple.
It has a rough but subtle aroma with a very nice high.

Price: 10 seeds for $85.00


Purple Star (Outdoor)

Flowering: 6-7 weeks

Very strong and easy to grow.
Purple variety of 100% Indica.
Very resinous, having a heavy perfumed aroma.
About 50% of the plants turn purple.
Very nice high.

Price: 10 seeds for $85.00


Purple x Skunk (Outdoor)

Flowering: 8-9 weeks

This variety is a hybrid (F1) of Purple #1 and an earlier Skunk.
About 50% of the plants turn purple during flowering.
The variety is 87.5% Sativa and 12.5% Indica.

Price: 10 seeds for $75.00


Twilight (Outdoor)

Type: Indica
Flowering: 7-8 weeks

A beautiful purple variety with high yields and an Afghan taste.
Heavy buds and high.
100% Indica.

Price: 10 seeds for $85.00


Outdoor Mix (Outdoor)

A mix of seeds from the above varieties as well as other varieties.
All these seeds were selected for outdoor growing.

Price: 10 seeds for $65.00


Smokey Bear (Outdoor/Indoor)

Flowering: 8 weeks

A cross between the famous Kush and KC 33.
A very nice outdoor plant.

Price: 10 seeds for $130.00


Four Way #1

Flowering: 8-9 weeks
Harvest under natural light: 1st week of November

This beauty is a hybrid of 4 different strains, 25% Indica, 25% Ruderalis, 25% Northern Light, and 25% Skunk #1.
As a whole the Four Way #1 cross has the Indica appearance.
The plants are strong and easy to grow.
Some of the plants give very high yields, so select a clone.
The plants have a minimum amount of leaves and grow well developed buds.
A very good smoke in taste and high.
Not susceptible to spider mites.

Price: 10 seeds for $100.00



White Widow (Indoor)

Flowering: 8 weeks
Harvest under natural light: End of October

The most rewarding variety of recent years in Amsterdam
The plants are white with THC glands, even on big parts of the fan leaves
It smokes soft, with a great high
THC = 18.9%, CBD < 0.1%, S/T = 7.3%

Price: 10 regular seeds for $125.00 all female seed $320

Euforia

Flowering: 7 weeks
Harvest under natural light : End of October or the beginning of November.

Developed by our breeders in 1996.
A very fine Skunk selection, very commercial, very heavy bloom, bumper harvest, the famous Skunk high
The taste is not as sweet as our other Skunk selections.
One of our favorites.
Great in a greenhouse. Winner 2000 Cannabis Cup
THC = 11.6%, CBD < 0.1%, S/T = 4.5%

Price: 10 seeds for $95.00


Durban Poison (Outdoor/Indoor)

Flowering: 8-9 weeks
Harvest under natural light: End of September
Yield: High

Imported from South Africa, produced in Holland.
Exclusively inbred, never hybridized, 100% Sativa.
Large long bud-leaves, buds are also large and long with lots of resin.
A sweet licorice or anise flavor.
“Up” high similar to Thai.
Well suited for out crossing with late bloomers to produce earlier flowering.

THC = 8.6%, CBD = 0.3%
TIP:
Does very well under artificial light.

Price: 10 seeds for $110.00


KC 33 (Outdoor/Indoor)

Flowering: 7-10 weeks

A "high" scoring recent variety developed from Thai and Brazilian strains, crossed with an early Dutch strain.
Originally developed for outdoors.

Price: 10 seeds for $130.00


Leda Uno (Outdoor/Indoor)

Flowering: 6-9 weeks
Harvest under natural light: End of September

This variety is a Sativa - Indica cross (a hybrid of a KC 33 male and a Brazilian female).
A superior plant with lemon like aroma.

Price: 10 seeds for $95.00




Mango (Outdoor/Indoor)

Flowering: 6-9 weeks
Harvest under natural light: End of September or the 1st week in October .
Yields: High

Mango is a 100% Indica variety, an F1 hybrid of KC33 and Afghani.
High yields; some plants are very early.

Price: 10 seeds for $95.00


Skunk #1 (Greenhouse/Indoor)

Flowering: 7-10 weeks
Yield: Very high

Winner of several harvest festivals and the "High Times" Cannabis Cup.
Skunk #1 (75% Sativa, 25% Indica) was originally a cross between Afghani (25%), Mexican Acapulco Gold (25%) and Columbian Gold (50%).
Inbred since 1978, it is now a stabilized homogeneous strain.
Blooms with long, thick buds which vary in color from a light green to gold.
Very high flower to leak ratio.
Mold susceptible the last 6 weeks of flowering.
THC = 8.1%, CBD 0.1%, S/T = 3.2%
Very high yield.

Price: 10 seeds for $75.00


Orange Bud

Flowering: 8 weeks

A 100% Skunk selection.
It grows with thick, hard buds and orange pistils.
THC = 16.5%, CBD 0.3%, S/T = 5.1%

Price: 10 seeds for $100.00


Masterkush

Flowering: 8-9 weeks
Harvest under natural light: Last week of October
Yield: High

An F1 cross between two different Hindu-kush strains.
Excellent taste and strong high.
One of our favorites.

Price: 10 seeds for $110.00


Mindbender (Outdoor/Indoor)

Flowering: 7-8 weeks
Harvest under natural light: End of September or the 1st week in October.

This variety is 100% Indica.
Developed from 2 different KC strains and an Afghani.
Some of the plants turn red or purple.
Sweet aroma.

Price: 10 seeds for $95.00


Night Queen (Greenhouse)

Type: Indica
Flowering: 6-7 weeks
Harvest under natural light: First half of October

This variety is of the broad leafed Indica type.
It has been grown in Holland since 1983.
A fine variety comprising 25% Skunk, 25% Purple, and 50% Indica.
It has a strong perfumed, orange-like aroma and a narcotic stone.
Very resinous.

Price: 10 seeds for $85.00


Oasis

Flowering: 8-9 weeks
Harvest under natural light: 1st week of November
Yield: Good

One of the most popular varieties.
Oasis is our Northern Lights #2 selection.
A very strong plant that is almost spider mite resistant.
Good yield, excellent taste and high.
THC = 12.3%, CBD < 0.1%, S/T = 6.6%

Price: 10 seeds for $130.00


Green Spirit

Flowering: 8-9 weeks
Yield: Very high

Green Spirit is a hybrid of Big Bud and Skunk #1.
We made this hybrid because Big Bud itself is not a very consistent strain, with large differences among individual plants.
By crossing Bubbleberry and Skunk #1 Green spirit has become very homogeneous.
Has a clear, strong high.
Very high yielding plant.
THC = 5.9%, CBD < 0.1%, S/T = 4.4%

TIP:
Good results under artificial lights.

Price: 10 seeds for $110.00


Haze Skunk Super Haze

Flowering: 10-12 weeks

Winner of the 5th annual "High Times" Cannabis Cup.
Originally Haze was a pure Sativa strain.
It has been crossed with Skunk #1 to get a bigger yield, a softer taste and a shorter flowering period.
Truly superior taste with an incredibly clear and up high.
Resistant to spider mites as well as over and under feeding.
THC = 11.9%, CBD < 0.1%, S/T = 2.5%
A favored strain from our collection.

Price: 10 seeds for $130.00


Hempstar

Flowering: 9-12 weeks
Harvest under natural light : End of November

Developed as a tribute to hempsters and the International Hemp Movement.
This variety is a three way cross between Skunk, Oasis and Haze (the three main varieties).
This variety is enormously potent with a Sativa type high.
Very sticky buds with a mild taste.

Price: 10 seeds for $170.00


White Cloud

Flowering: 8 weeks

This variety produces 30% prize winners, the rest are medium.
A very good variety to select a clone from.
This is a Sativa cross with a mild taste and a Sativa high.

Price: 10 seeds for $150.00


Thai

Flowering: 10-14 weeks
Yield: Very high

This variety, grown in Holland, is a pure Sativa, selected for short size and early bloom. Large buds full of resin, with typical Thai flavor and aroma.
Very strong energetic "up" high.
Very high yields and easy to cultivate.

Price: 10 seeds for $120.00


Swazi

Flowering: 9-14 weeks
Yield: Very high

From Switzerland, imported seeds were grown and selected in Holland.
Buds are long and narrow, with large resin covered bud leaves.
Very high flower to leaf ratio, almost 100% Sativa.
Exotic flavor, delicious aroma.
Strong, clear high.
Very high yield, extremely resistant to molds.

Price: 10 seeds for $110.00


California Orange

Type: 50% Sativa, 50% Indica
Flowering: 8-10 weeks
Yield: Above average

A stabilized hybrid, inbred since 1980.
Can be highly resinous, even the leaves.
Some plants have a pronounced citrus aroma and flavor.
Very strong, fairly clear high.
Yields are slightly above average.
THC 7.8%, CBD 0.1%

Price: 10 seeds for $150.00


Hawaiian x Skunk

Flowering: 9-12 weeks
Yield: Above average

Mostly Indica (F1 hybrid) with exceptionally broad leaves.
Lots of resin on leaves as well as the flowers.
A musky hash-like aroma and strong physical high.
Short rounded plants.

Price: 10 seeds for $150.00


Indoor Mix

A mix of seeds of the above varieties and other varieties.
All selected for indoor growing.

Price: 10 seeds for $75.00


Afghani #1

Type: Pure, 100% Indica
Flowering: 8-9 weeks
Yields: Average

Never hybridized.
Imported from Afghanistan, grown in Holland.
Very broad leaves, 100% Indica.
Heavy buds with lots of resin.
Some plants turn purple at harvest time.
Rather high flower-leaf ratio.
Aroma and flavors are heavy, almost medicinal.
Very strong, physical, practically narcotic high.

Price: 10 seeds for $130.00


Afghani x Skunk MAZAR

Type: 100% Indica
Flowering: 8-9 weeks
Yield: Large
Harvest under natural light: 1st week November

The Afghani part is a very short Christmas tree like plant.
Resinous and very consistent.
The F1 cross with Skunk #1 gives the variety a bigger yield and a better taste. Winner Cannabis Cup 1999
THC = 19.5%, CBD < 0.1%, S/T = 5.2%
Very good "up" high.

Price: 10 seeds for $130.00


Kerala x Skunk

Flowering: 10-11 weeks

This southern Indian variety is crossed with Skunk #1 (F1 hybrid).
As a whole the plants have a Sativa appearance (87.5% Sativa, 12.5% Indica).
The buds have a sweet exotic smell and taste.
Very clear medium to strong high.

Price: 10 seeds for $130.00


Lambsbread x Skunk

Flowering: 9-11 weeks
Yield: Medium

The famous Jamaican "Lamsbread" crossed with Skunk #1.
A very special taste and high.
Grows with long slim buds.
Almost 100% Sativa.

Price: 10 seeds for $90.00


Chitral

Flowering: 8 weeks
Harvest under natural light: 3rd week of October

This variety is a hybrid of Chitral and Skunk, Chitral being the variety that was famous in the seventies.
Hybridized with Skunk, the variety tends to be even stronger today.
Good harvest, nice herbal taste and strong physical high.

Price: 10 seeds for $130.00








Through an agreement with a large seed supplier we can now offer even more varieties of Holland's famous seeds, many of which have been Cannabis Cup winners. These are the seeds that devoted growers seek!





Bubblegum

All female seeds of world famous variety.

Price: 10 seeds for $250.00


Shiva Shanti

Flowering: 50-55 days
Height: 100-130 cm
Yield: Up to 125 grams

This Afghani is one of the best yielders in the collection.
It has a penetrating Indica aroma, combined with a pleasant taste and high.
This is due to its top indoor performance.
The Shiva Shanti is one of four most popular varieties.

Price: 10 seeds for $120.00


California Indica

Flowering: 45-50 days
Height: 100-130 cm
Yield: Up to 125 grams

A fine blend of sweet, orange flavored Californian strains, combined with a skunky hash flavored Indica.
A versatile plant which performs well under all conditions.
The more heavily branched specimens tend to be the big yielders.

Price: 10 seeds for $160.00


Durban (Outdoor)

Flowering: End of September
Height: 1.5-2.5 meters
Yield: Up to 400 grams

A very early strain from South Africa.
Durban is a compact Sativa with a sweet aroma and an up high.
One of the most reliable early outdoor varieties, it will produce chunky, solid buds even during the worst season.
If you haven't tried Durban, you are missing out on one of the easiest to grow, and highest quality, early varieties, in the world.

Price: 10 seeds for $180.00


Early Skunk

Price: 10 seeds for $120.00


Super Skunk

Flowering: 45-50 days
Height: 120-150 cm
Yield: Up to 125 grams

This plant is especially developed for Skunk lovers.
We have crossed our best Skunks to their Afghani ancestors.
Brush against this plant and the room becomes immediately filled with a powerful Skunk aroma.
Despite the smell, a very pleasant high with little more body to it than the Skunk #1. One of the winners of the 1990 High Times Harvest Festival where it clearly defeated Skunk #1.

Price: 10 seeds for $160.00


Hindu Kush

Flowering: 45-50 days
Height: 115-130 cm
Yield: Up to 90 grams

After years of inbreeding and back crossing the Hindu Kush is now available as a pure strain.
The seedlings are very even and consistent, an excellent indoor variety for crops from seed.
Wonderfully potent, but not devastating, very mild for an Indica.

Price: 10 seeds for $200.00


White Widow

Flowering: 8 weeks
Height: 3 feet

Winner of the 1995 Cannabis Cup

Price: 10 seeds for $130.00


White Russian

Flowering: 8 weeks

White widow crossed with AK47.
Winner of Cannabis Cup '96 organic pot award.
Select the best female for future cloning.

Price: 10 seeds for $285.00


Big Fatty -XXXL (Chronic)

Flowering: 8 weeks

A Northern Lights and Big Bud cross.
An excellent plant for the hard-core connoisseur.

Price: 10 seeds for $180.00


Kal - X (Outdoor/Indoor)

Flowering: 9 weeks
Yield: Very good

Afghani, Skunk crossed with Hash Plant.
Compact plant with tight, resinous buds.

Price: 10 seeds for $180.00







Here are some more Cannabis Cup winners.
All of these seeds are originals, and of excellent quality.
Start your own personal garden today!





Jack Herer

Flowering: 50-70 days
Height: 150-180 cm
Yield: Up to 125 grams

Cannabis Cup Winner '95
This multiple hybrid is the result of many years of selective breeding, combining three of the strongest varieties known to man.
This variety produces so much resin that even the branches bristle with stalked glands..

Price: 10 seeds for $425.00


Jack Flash

Flowering: 60-70 days
Height: 140-160 cm
Yield: Up to 125 gram

Jack Herer hybrid that is already a classic.
Anybody who has been growing super skunk will now choose this fruity jack taste with a flash of haze.
It is remarkably easy to grow, it’s fresh and vigorous.

TIP:
It is recommended that you select the medium long flowering plants for finest quality and best results.

Price: 10 seeds for $350.00


Northern Lights

Flowering: 45-50 days
Height: 100-125 cm
Yield: Up to 125 grams

Cup Winner Pure Indica '88/'89/'90
An absolute must for the indoor grower!
For the last couple of years the Northern Lights has dominated the various harvest
festivals.
Through selective breeding we have succeeded in producing one of the most powerful plants in the world.
On top of that, we have developed a strain highly adapted for indoor growing short, stocky plants that produce maximum yields in the shortest possible time.

Price: 10 seeds for $300.00


Maple Leaf Indica

Flowering: 45-50 days
Height: 110-135 cm
Yield: Up to 110 grams

A most interesting strain, we know that it had left Afghanistan before the Russian invasion.
For some this precious strain will have a whiff of familiarity because it was used as an important building block for some of the most famous varieties of today.
It's a compact powerful plant with super wide fingered leaves and a very sweet Indica Maple aroma.
A delight for connoisseurs, a taste of the past...

Price: 10 seeds for $180.00


Northern Lights #5/Haze

Flowering: 65-70 days
Height: 150-150 cm
Yield: Up to 150 grams

Cup Winner Mostly Sativa '90,'94 and '94 Champion
A sensational cross between the world's best Indica and Sativa strains.
Resulting in a very potent variety with a extreme Sativa high.
At the 1994 harvest festival, this smash hit was way ahead of its competitors.

TIP:
Very suitable for an ebb and flow table.
As soon as the cuttings begin to take root, the plants can be put into flowering.
Higher yields compensate for a longer flowering period.

Price: 10 seeds for $375.00


Big Bud

Flowering: 50-65 days
Height: 110-150 cm
Yield: Up to 150 grams

Cup Winner Mostly Indica '89
For sheer yield and hybrid vigor, this is the best yet.
The plants surprise even experienced growers.
Huge buds, excellent resin, taste and high.
Somewhat variable, approximately. 1 in 4 females will be an extreme heavy yielder, with the longer-flowering plants giving the biggest yields.

Price: 10 seeds for $240.00


Juicy Fruit

Flowering: 50-60 days
Height: 140-180 cm
Yield: Up to 150 grams

An Indica/Sativa cross of the highest order.
Both sides of the Indica and Sativa spectrum are fully expressed in this variety.
The sweet aroma comes from our most delicious Thai.
This rarefied type was originally very difficult to work with, but we eventually found the ideal cross.
Expect big yields from this one, with an exceptionally rich sweet aroma.

TIP:
In a greenhouse, flowering end of October, the yield can be up to 750 grams.

Price: 10 seeds for $350.00


Black Domina

Flowering: 50 days
Height: 100-130 cm
Yield: 90-120 grams

This full-blooded Indica with large bracts will soon have you on your knees and begging for more.
This harsh over-powering plant simply gushes sticky resin, to which most men seem to have a fatal attraction.
A word of warning! This powerful compact Indica has had a devastating effect on many a man, leaving them apparently beaten and whipped with a strange smile on their faces.

Price: 10 seeds for $275.00


Afgani #1

Flowering: 45 days
Height: 100-130 cm
Yield: Up to 125 grams

Our top afghanis have been used for this variety.
Characteristics are the big, dark, Indica leaves, their strong aroma, sturdy stems and high yield.
A must for the Indica connoisseur.
At the 1994 harvest festival this new variety immediately seized the second place in the Indica category.

Price: 10 seeds for $180.00


Early Girl

Flowering: Mid September
Height: 1.5-2 meters
Yield: Up to 250 grams

This is a mostly Indica variety, one of the earliest in our collection.
Very potent, medium yield, with a hashy taste and aroma.
These compact plants will tend to grow to one main stem.
An ideal choice for your balcony!

Price: 10 seeds for $180.00


Early Pearl (Outdoor)

Flowering: End of September
Height: 2-3 meters
Yield: Up to 400 grams

Early pearl has always been one of our most popular outdoor varieties.
Wonderfully sweet and resinous, the plants have a mostly Sativa dominated growth pattern, with excellent potency.
Mold resistant, even during the worst season.

Price: 10 seeds for $180.00


Masterkush

Flowering: 8-9 weeks
Yield: High

An F1 cross between two different hindu-kush strains .
Excellent taste and strong high.
One of our favorites.

Price: 10 seeds for $110.00


Himalaya Gold

Type:Blend of Indica and Sativa
Flowering: 8-10 weeks

The five senses of Himalayan gold:
Taste - fruity freshness that feels light, with a tang.
Smell - a blend of Himalaya Alpine flowers with a hint of the Tropics.
Visual - strong yellow hairs that are long and flat, misty crystal.
Structure - set on a plane green bud, compact form with great size colas.
Touch - small sticky crystals fill this plant's flowers, so the feeling is a sticky sweetness.
The stone is a very creative high.
Great for a happy day.
Gets the flow of new ideas coursing through your head in a very fluid way.
This plant is a wonderful cross between Himalayan hybrid and south India.

Price: 10 seeds for $180.00


White Rhino

Flowering: 8 to 10 weeks

The five senses of white rhino:
Taste - a blend of many fruits, underlying taste of sweet and sour when grown outside.
Smell - to the sensitive nose there will only be an acute tickle, but to the nose that knows, it has the the delights of the Himalayas with a distinct widow pungency. Definitely strong fruitiness of Indica backed up by the sweet and sour smells of original
Sativa.
Visuals - for any grower the appearance is equally awesome.
Structure - Depending on the time of the vegetative growth, a large or a larger head on a stick.
Touch - dense of the globules of resin, under that, solid and densely compressed head, sparsely decorated with few shade leaves.
The stone effect is medicinal for most, too heavy for others.

Price: 10 seeds for $250.00








Remember, these prices are in Canadian dollars. That means that if the listed price is $220, the price in American funds is only $155!







DJ Shorts Delta-9 Collection




Blue Heaven

Type: Mostly Sativa
Flowering: 50-60 days

A very productive plant of high value as a medicinal herb.
Bred for it's euphoric anti-anxiety high, this mostly Sativa (approximately 75% Sativa, 25% Indica) produces a comfortable and enjoyable, yet powerful experience.
The plants are tall with long branches making this beauty a great plant for "screen of green" gardens.

Price: 10 seeds for $75.00


Blue Moonshine

The "Blue" version of the "White" family.
A super potent blueberry Indica, coated with with a strong concentration of tall standing trichomes that produce a very narcotic experience -- body high blueberry. Short stout Kush plants that produce dense, tight, rock hard nuggets of trichome coated bud.
A true hash-plant.

Price: 10 seeds for $150.00


Blue Velvet

Flowering : 6 - 7 weeks
Height : 1-1.5 meters

An Indica/Sativa cross (50%/50%) with trademark"fox-tail" buds.
The leaves and buds exhibit several hues including reds and lavenders usually on the underside of the leaves.
The buds have very large calyxes often with long dark stripes showing.
The mature plant produces a fruity and floral mix of aroma and taste that is very sweet.
This produces a very active cerebral high.

Price: 10 seeds for $95.00


Blueberry

Flowering : 45-55 days
Height : 0.7-1 meter

We developed Blueberry from different new genetic lines, genetics that are unique to Europe.
Not only Blueberry, but also Blue Velvet and Flo are developed from totally new genetics.
These seed strains are of the highest quality and have not been grown in Europe before.
Blueberry is a mostly Indica (80% Indica, 20% Sativa) strain, that dates to the late 1970's.
A large producer under optimum conditions.
A dense and stout plant with red, purple and finally blue hues, that usually cure to a lavender blue.
The finished product has a very fruity aroma and taste of blueberry.
It produces a notable and pleasantly euphoric high of the highest quality and is very long lasting.
Medium to large calyxes.
Blueberry has a long shelf life so it stores well over a long period.

Price: 10 seeds for $125.00


Flo

Flowering: 55-60 days
Height: 1 meter

Flo is a Sativa - Indica cross (60% Sativa/ 40% Indica) with very Sativa phenotypic characteristics.
It matures very early.
The large, tight, spear-shaped buds are made up of small, densely packed purple calyxes.
The plants are taller and likely to branch out.
Indoors; the buds are fully mature by the end of their sixth week.
Outdoors; the plant is a super producer when multi-harvested over a period of time.
The first buds are ripe around the third week of September.
About every ten days after that, new buds form and can be harvested through the end of November, if the plant can be kept alive that long.
Therefore, Flo is ideal for greenhouse production.
The motivational high produced by Flo is quite unique, the flavor is like Nepalese Temple Hash.
A most pleasant and enjoyable experience.
Rated #1 strain at Cannabis Cup '96 by Cannabis Canada Magazine.
Bred by the developer of Blueberry and Blue Velvet.

Price: 10 seeds for $95.00







Dutch Passion Seed Company

ALL FEMALE SEEDS




Amstel Gold (Outdoor)

Price: 10 seeds for $160.00


Purple #1

Price: 10 seeds for $175.00


Voodoo (Outdoor/Greenhouse)

Price: 10 seeds for $175.00


KC-33 (Outdoor)

Price: 10 seeds for $240.00


Durban Poison (Outdoor/Indoor)

Price: 10 seeds for $220.00


Skunk #1

Price: 10 seeds for $175.00









Sagarmatha Seeds




Bubbleberry

Flowering: 45-55 days
Height : 0.7-1 meter

Bubblegum and Blueberry hybrid.
Larger buds with more strength and taste than Bubblegum.

Price: 10 seeds for $250.00


Mongolian Indica

Price: 10 seeds for $200.00


Slyder (Chronic)

Flowering: 55-60 days
Height : 1 meter

This Indica plant produces dense, crystallized buds with a strong aroma.
Originally developed from seeds obtained in Afghanistan.
The strain was crossed with a potent Northern Light to make it possible to be cultivated indoors.

Price: 10 seeds for $200.00


Special K (AK47)

Flowering: 65-75 days
Height : 1.2-1.5 meters

A Sativa-Indica hybrid that produces a quick stone with a long lasting cerebral high.
This is a tall plant with large girth and giant calyxes.
The aroma is spicy with a slight sandalwood taste.
This girl can satisfy any connoisseurs' expectations.
So wake and bake with a bud of Special K.

Price: 10 seeds for $250


Western Winds (Kali Mist)

Flowering: 70-75 days
Height: 1.2-1.5 meters

An almost pure Sativa with a soaring cerebral high.
A favorite amongst Rastas who wish to have a high energy buzz.
Fantastic for conversation or romance with its relaxing and invigorating qualities.
Has a unique Oriental aroma and spiritual high.
Whether smoked in the morning or evening, the experience is always rewarding and pleasurable.
So put Western Winds in your sail and ride the high tide.

Price: 10 seeds for $200.00








Sensi Seed Bank





Super Skunk

Flowering: 45-50 days
Height: 120-150 cm
Harvest under natural light: Mid October in a greenhouse
Yield: Up to 125 grams or up to 500 grams in a greenhouse

This plant is especially developed for Skunk lovers.
Crossed with the best Skunks to their Afghani ancestors.
Despite the smell a very pleasant high with a little more body to it than the Skunk #1. One of the winners of the 1990 High Times Harvest Festival where it clearly defeated Skunk #1.

Price: 10 seeds for $160.00



Afghani #1

Flowering: 45 days
Height: 100-130 cm
Yield: Up to 125 grams

Our top Afghanis have been used for this variety.
Characteristic are the big, dark Indica leaves, their strong aroma, sturdy stems and high yield.
A must for the Indica connoisseur.
At the 1994 Harvest Festival this new variety immediately seized the second place in the Indica category.

Price: 10 seeds for $180.00


Big Bud

Flowering: 50-65 days
Height: 110-150 cm
Yield: Up to 150 grams

One of our most popular varieties.
A plant for professional cash croppers.
Even experienced growers continue to be amazed and come back to fill their garden with these heavy ladies.

TIP:
It is advisable to tie up the bottom branches as they have a tendency to break due to their excessive weight.

Price: 10 seeds for $240.00


Black Domina

Flowering: 50 days
Height: 100-130 cm
Yield: 90-120 grams

This full-bodied Indica with large bracts will soon have you on your knees and begging
for more.
This harsh overpowering lady simply gushes sticky resin which most men have a fatal attraction.
A word of warning: this powerful compact Indica has been known to have a devastating effect on many a man, leaving them apparently whipped and beaten, with
a strange smile on their faces.

Price: 10 seeds for $275.00


California Indica

Flowering: 45-50 days, mid October in a greenhouse
Height: 100-130 cm
Yield : Up to 125 grams or up to 500 grams in a greenhouse

A fine blend of sweet orange flavored Californian strains, combined with a skunky hash flavored Indica.
A versatile plant which performs well under all conditions.
The more heavily branched specimens tend to be the big yielders.

Price: 10 seeds for $160.00


Durban

Height: 1.5 - 2.5 meters
Yield: Up to 400 grams
Harvest under natural light: End of September

A very early strain from South Africa.
Durban is a compact Sativa with a sweet aroma and an up high.
One of the most reliable early outdoor varieties, it will produce chunky, solid buds even during the worst season.
If you haven't tried Durban, you are missing out on one of the easiest-to-grow, highest-quality early varieties in the world.

Price: 10 seeds for $180.00


Early Girl

Height: 1.5-2 meters
Yield: Up to 250 grams
Harvest under natural light: Mid September

This is a mostly Indica variety, one of the earliest in our outdoor collection.
Very potent, medium yield, with a hashy taste and aroma.
These compact plants will tend to grow to one main stem.
An ideal choice for your balcony.

Price: 10 seeds for $180.00


Early Pearl

Height: 2-3 meters
Yield: Up to 400 grams
Harvest under natural light: End of September

This has always been one of our most popular outdoor varieties.
Wonderfully sweet and resinous, the plants have a mostly Sativa dominated growth pattern, with excellent potency.
Very mold resistant, even during the worst season.

Price: 10 seeds for $180.00


Early Skunk


Height: 2-3 meters
Yield: Up to 500 grams
Harvest under natural light: October 1st

An excellent hybrid between Skunk #1 and Early Pearl.
Outdoor growers are usually dissatisfied with the finishing date of the regular Skunk strain.
The Early Skunk finishes about 2 weeks earlier than Skunk #1 due to the influence of the Early Pearl.
The influence of the latter is also noticeable in the smell and high: sweet and smooth.
On top of that: the strain combines a good yield with mold resistance.

Price: 10 seeds for $120.00


Fourway

Flowering: 45-60 days
Height: 100-150 cm
Yield: Up to 100 grams

This is a 4-way hybrid of our best indoor strains.
Although somewhat variable in growth pattern, all plants were fast flowering and of very high quality.
The seedlings tested from this hybrid had some of the sweetest, most balanced tastes and highs that we have yet produced

Price: 10 seeds for $230.00


Hawaiian Indica

Flowering: 60-65 days
Height: 120-150 cm
Yield: Up to 125 grams

Aloha! Enjoy the tropical sensation indoors.
We have crossed a selected Hawaiian lady with our Northern Lights.
The result is a potent variety with a fresh aroma and a high yield, amply compensating for the longer flowering period.
This was “the surprise” at the 1994 Cannabis Cup.

Price: 10 seeds for $160.00


Hindu Kush

Flowering: 45-50 days
Height: 115-130 cm
Yield: Up to 90 grams

This pure Kush, originally from the Afghani and Pakistani mountain regions, is the result of many years of selective inbreeding.
The seedlings are very even and consistent, an excellent indoor variety for crops from seeds.
Wonderfully potent, but not devastating, very mild for an Indica.

Price: 10 seeds for $200.00


Indoor Mix

This time, at the request of many people, we have chosen to include an indoor mix of
mainly Indica strains in our assortment.
You will definitely find a good parent in this collection.

Price: 10 seeds for $100.00


Jack Herer

Flowering: 50-70 Days
Height: 150-180 cm
Yield: Up to 125 grams

This multiple hybrid is the result of many years of selective breeding.
We combined 3 of the strongest varieties known to man.
This variety produces so much resin that even the branches bristle with stalked glands. 1995 Cannabis Cup Winner.

Price: 10 seeds for $425.00


Juicy Fruits

Flowering: 50-60 days
Height: 140-180 cm.
Yield: Up to 150 grams

An Indica - Sativa cross of the highest order.
Both sides of the Indica and Sativa spectrum are fully expressed in this variety.
The sweet aroma comes from our most delicious Thai.
This rarefied type was originally very difficult to work with, but we eventually
found the ideal cross.
Expect big yields from this one, with an exceptionally rich, sweet aroma.

Price: 10 seeds for $350.00


Northern Lights

Height: 100-125 cm
Yield: Up to 125 grams

An absolute must for the indoor grower!!
For the last couple of years the Northern Lights has dominated the various Harvest
Festivals.
Through selective breeding we have succeeded in producing one of the most powerful plants in the world.
On top of, we have developed a strain highly adapted for indoor growing: compact, powerful with a good yield and exceptional resin produce.
The most lucrative plant for the indoor grower.

Price: 10 seeds for $300.00


Northern Lights #5 x Haze

Height: 150-180 cm
Yield: Up to 150 grams

This hybrid is the pinnacle of achievement in Cannabis breeding today.
The result: an extremely potent plant with a great Sativa high.
In the 1994 harvest festival this variety was miles ahead of its competitors.
The high yields compensate for the slightly longer flowering period.
Hybrid vigor provides for lush growth, heavy bud formation and abundant resin.
A true champion!

Price: 10 seeds for $375.00


Ruderalis Indica

Flowers automatically in the outdoors.
Ready 3 1/2 months; start to finish.
Good for Northern or rough outdoor areas.

Price: 10 seeds for $60.00


Sensi Skunk

Flowering: 45-50 days, mid October in a greenhouse
Height: 120-150 cm
Yield: Up to 100 grams or up to 500 grams in a greenhouse

A strong plant with that typical Skunky taste and high.
It has a high calyx to leaf ratio with large, full buds (donkey dicks).
Its excellent yield makes this one an absolute must for the greenhouse grower.

Price: 10 seeds for $100.00


Shiva Shanti

Flowering: 50-55 days
Height: 100-130 cm
Yield: Up to 125 grams

This Afghani with its penetrating Indica aroma is one of the better yielders in the
collection.
Its pleasant taste and above average potency make this an attractive variety for beginners.

Price: 10 seeds for $120.00


Shiva Skunk

Flowering: 45-55 days, end of October in a greenhouse
Height : 125 cm
Yield: Up to 125 grams, up to 500 in a greenhouse

This cross between Skunk #1 and Northern Lights #5 is one of the most reliable varieties we have ever produced.
Excellent hybrid vigor and yield make this one a snap to grow.
Works superbly indoors as well as in a greenhouse.
Taste and high are similar to Skunk #1, a rich sweet pungency, but with more resin and better yield.
High calyx to leaf ratio, you can almost throw those scissors away as very little manicuring is required.
An absolute must for beginners or experts.

Price: 10 seeds for $220.00


Silver Pearl

Flowering: 45-50 days, finishing mid October in a greenhouse
Height: 100-125 cm
Yield: Up to 100 grams or up to 500 grams in a greenhouse

This 3-way Hybrid contains Early Pearl, Skunk #1, and Northern Lights.
This hybrid is quicker and sweeter than the Shiva Skunk.
Excellent indoor and greenhouse results.
Plants exhibit frosted resinous characteristics of the Northern Lights #5 and the sweetness and calyx to leaf ratio of Early Pearl x Skunk.
One of our favorites and in 1994 the winner of the mixed Indica x Sativa category.

Price: 10 seeds for $180.00


Skunk #1

Flowering: 45-50 days, mid October in a greenhouse
Height: 120-150 cm
Yield: Up to 100 grams, up to 500 grams in a greenhouse

Originally an Indica - Sativa hybrid, Skunk #1 is now one of the most consistently performing true breeding strains in the world.
Skunk #1 produces large buds with a very high calyx to leaf ratio.
An excellent choice for the greenhouse.

Price: 10 seeds for $100.00








T.H.Seeds




Skunk XXX

Stable 3-way Hybrid from the Skunk Corral

Price: 10 seeds for $90.00


Afghani Kush

Classic Afghan with a reliable Kush bottom

Price: 10 seeds for $120.00


Big Fatty XXXL (Chronic)

Flowering: 8 weeks

Northern Lights x Big Bud x Northern Lights x Northern Lights.
This double back cross meets Buster Blood vessels requirements.

Price: 10 seeds for $180.00


Closet Queen (NL#2)

Pure Northern Lights when every inch counts

Price: 10 seeds for $150.00


Kal-X (Outdoor/Indoor)

Flowering: 60 days

Afghani/Skunk x Hash Plant

Price: 10 seeds for $180.00


Kwiksilver (Outdoor)

Flowering: Mid September

South African x Afghani.
Designed for comfort, built for speed.
Mold Resistant.

Price: 10 seeds for $120.00


Lazy Boy (NL X SK X NL)

For those who like to grow but hate to manicure, this is a dream plant!

Price: 10 seeds for $180.00


OG 13b (G-13 x SK #1)

US Government engineering and New World genetics

Price: 10 seeds for $90.00


Puna Budder

Flowering: 53-60 days

Looking for something exotic?
Superior Hawaiian genetics dominate the plants appearance, smell, and taste.
Stable Afghan lines smooth out the flowering time frame, making this an ideal plant.

Price: 10 seeds for $180.00


Purple Royal (Purple Power x Afghan)

The perfect kind of bud in the color of Kings.

Price: 10 seeds for $120.00


Sage x Big Bud x Holyweed

Price: 10 seeds for $200.00


Skatalite Delight(Haze I x Kwiksilver)

Legendary Haze flavor is the bands favorite, just ask Loyd.

Price: 10 seeds for $150.00


White Widow

Flowering: 8 weeks
Harvest under natural light: End of October

The most rewarded variety of recent years in Holland.
The plants are full of white of THC glands, even on big parts of the fan leaves.
A very soft smoke and a great "High".

Price: 10 seeds for $130.00







The Joker Collection




Alien x Northern Lights

Price: 10 seeds for $85.00


Bubleberry x Northern Lights x Bubbleberry

Flowering: 8-9 weeks
Height : 1 meter

Berry taste crossed with super power Northern Lights.
Higher yield, short bushy, resinous, kick-ass stone, easy to grow.

Price: 10 seeds for $85.00


Jokers Mix

Mix of Snow Slyder, Bubbleberry and Sweet Leaf.

Price: 10 seeds for $40.00


Love Potion #5

Price: 10 seeds for $85.00


Love Potion #9

Flowering: 8 weeks
Height: 1 meter

Love Potion #5 crossed with Northern Lights.
Higher yield, exotic taste, compact and powerful.
Excellent for a sea of green.

Price: 10 seeds for $80.00


Snow Slyder

Flowering: 9 weeks
Height: 1 meter

Old school Afghan lines get down with superpower Northern Lights beat down stone. High yield, skunky smell, super crystallized bud, excellent for armchair sports.

Price: 10 seeds for $85.00


Sweet Leaf

Flowering: 8 weeks
Height: 1-1.5 meters

The results of 15 years of hard work.
This Sativa and Indica hybrid has been back crossed and bred for taste.
High calyx to leaf ratio.
Good yield, very sweet uplifting high.
Easy to grow, stable lines, resinous.

Price: 10 seeds for $85.00







Tropical Isle Seed Company




Golden Triangle

Thai, Indica and Sativa

Price: 10 seeds for $75.00


Southeast Asia Mix

Three Laotian, Cambodian and Thai strains.

Price: 10 seeds for $50.00

Mr. Nice Shark Shock

It has famous genetic heritage and has been awarded a multitude of cannabis cups under the names of the Peacemaker and the Great White Shark.

Its parents are well known as White Widow and Skunk#1. It is a pleasure to watch this plant grow into a densely compacted white skunk with extreme aromas and equally pleasureable to use.

Indoors expect a 40-45 day flowering cycle and yield between 500-600 grams per metre. Outdoors Sept

Price: 10 seeds for $90.00


SOMA Cannabis Seeds



Soma is a 52 year old Rastafarian who is spiritually dedicated to the Sacred cannabis plant. He has been working with the plant for 35 years. He wears pants and shirts made out of it, smokes it constantly, he has a prescription for 10 grams a day, and studies every aspect of the marijuana phenomenon. The only problem is the art of cannabis has been recently lost to mankind, it has been lied about, it has been suppressed, it has come close to genocide and the fear factor for this safest of substances has been blown totally out of proportion. Soma Seeds plans on changing the direction a few things are going these days. First of all Soma Seeds is an earth friendly business striving to think of earth first in the business that we create. We grow our seeds biologically, we let our hearts guide us with the plants, not calendars, not money, not power trips, but a sacredness, a vibration of mutual trust, an exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, a friendship. Soma Seeds focus's on the medicinal side of cannabis, constantly striving to find better and better genetics to be used in a medicinal way. Medicinal cannabis has to be grown in a manner where the end product is truly going to make the patient feel better, not full of pesticides, poisons, and money vibes. Our seeds are tested constantly for their germination quality.

Big Kahuna

Big Bud x Skunk #1 x Afghani Hawaiian Good plant for the first time grower

Price: 10 seeds for $210.00
Big Kahuna cannabis picture

Buddha's Sister(in/out)

Mostly Indica. Tall and lanky. Tends to make lots of side branches, so she is better to grow as a multi-branch plant instead of in a sea of green. Mold resistant, tart cherry smell and taste.

Price: 15 seeds for $220.00
Buddha's Sister cannabis picture

Haze Heaven(indoor/outdoor)

Flowering: 10-11 weeks

Mostly Sativa Northern Lights #5 x Haze x Afghani hawaiian. A Haze that doesn't take as long to finish as most others.
Yield 40 grams

Price: 15 seeds for $320.00 all female
Haze Heaven picture

NYC Diesel(indoor/outdoor)

mostly Sativa. A Mexican Sativa crossed with an Afghani 3rd place 2002 high Times Cannabis Cup. Exotic taste and high. Yield 400-450 grams

Price: 15 seeds for $330.00
NYC Diesel marijuana picture

Reclining Buddha(all female)

All female Mostly Indica

Combines holland's Hope with Super Skunk and Big Skunk Korean. Mold resistant, clone nodal structure.

Price: 15 seeds for $310.00


Rock Bud all female

Flowering: 8 weeks

Super Skunk x Big Skunk Korean x Afghani x Afghani/ Hawaiian. Short to medium height
Bushy structure, dense buds. Yield makes this one for connoisseurs rather than commercial. Relaxing. comtemplative buzz
Mold Resistant.

Price: 15 seeds for $310.00
rockbud picture

Somango

Blends the multiple hybrid Jack Herer with Big Skunk Korean and Super Skunk Fruitest of all Soma's strains

Price: 15 seeds for $210.00
Somango picture

Amethyst Bud : Indoor/Outdoor indica. Super skunk/Big Skunk Korean/Jack Herer. Amethyst Bud is a mix of Lavender Bud and Afghani Hawaiian so the dark purple color from the purple Kush part of it's genetics comes through. This bud is on the smaller side but more of them and they are quite dense with many THC crystals visible with the naked eye. The smell is strong and pungent with a good high for relaxing with a good friend. Leaves a delicious taste in your mouth. When it looks like it's ready wait a week. Flowering time 9-10 weeks Yield 25-35 grams
Price: 15 seeds for $240.00
amethystbud picture

Free Tibet : Indoor/Outdoor mostly indica. BREEDING Tibetan/Afghani-Hawaiian Free Tibet the first and only strain using this name beware of imitations as far as this strain goes there are imitations out there. The authentic Free Tibet is a mix of Nepalese hash plant and Afghani Hawaiian, and has a very pungent odor. The taste is exotic and a high that's a favorite with many of my close friends. It makes strong side branches so it needs some room to grow. The main stalk is quite sturdy. Good for outside in cold climates. Flowering time 9 weeks Yield 15-20 grams Flowering time 9-10 weeks Yield 25-35 grams
Price: 15 seeds for $240.00
Free Tibet cannabis pic


Lavender : Indoor/Outdoor
mostly indica. Super skunk/Big Skunk Korean/Afghani-Hawaiian. Soma #10 brings together a world of weed. Strains with histories that traverse Afghanistan, Hawaii, Korea, the U.S, and Europe are all melded together in this 3-way cross. An exotic looking strain, Soma #10 develops the darkest purple coloration you can imagine. The color is intense, with the leaves turning nearly to black at the ends, they are so deeply saturated with color. The extra dense buds give off a sensually spicy smell akin to Afghani hash. The high calyx to leaf ratio and the legginess of this plant make for simplified manicuring. Flowering time 8-9 weeks Yield 12-15 grams
Price: 15 seeds for $240.00
lavender picture

Kahuna Super Skunk/Big Skunk Korean/Jack Herer/Afghani Hawaiian. One of Soma's favorite strains, Kahuna is a 4-way cross that brings together a wide set of influences for a complex high. Soma recently renamed his Soma #9 strain Kahuna, which is a Hawaiian title for a religious or spiritual leader that literally means "Keeper of the Secret." The Kahuna variety has both tropical influences in its parentage, and spiritually attuning effects when used. Flowering time 9 – 10 weeks Yield 25 30 grams
Price: 15 seeds for $240.00
Kahuna marijuana pic

 

[pretty_green_eyes]

Barrymore and Grant Warned of Hepatitis A Scare


Drew Barrymore and Hugh Grant are among the latest batch of celebrities to be warned they may have contracted liver disease Hepatitis A.

The stars have been alerted of the threat in the form of a letter from the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health. The warning comes after health officials were alerted to a sick member of celebrity chef Wolfgang Puck's catering staff, who may have inadvertently infected guests at a party following the launch of new movie Music & Lyrics on February 7.

The letter, obtained by website Tmz.com, asks party guests to contact health bosses or doctors if they ate uncooked food served at the event. The health officials list "Mini Potato Skins Bar: Sour Cream, Chives and Vermont Cheddar, Taco/Fajita Bar: Shredded Lettuce, Chopped Tomatoes, Shredded Cheese, Guacamole, and Sour Cream and 80's Comfort Station: Peanut Butter Fluffer Nutters" among the potentially contaminated items. Sandra Bullock and Adam Brody, who were also among the guests at the party, have received the letter.

The latest health alert comes after Beyonce Knowles and the supermodel stars of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue were urged to get health checks last month after attending another Puck party, which featured the unnamed Hepatitis A carrier among the catering staff.

 

[tNs]

Math guru's

1700 B.C.E.
Ahmes (c. 1650 B.C.E.) *MT
700 B.C.E.
Baudhayana (c. 700)
600 B.C.E.
Thales of Miletus (c. 630-c 550) *MT
Apastamba (c. 600)
Anaximander of Miletus (c. 610-c. 547) *SB
Pythagoras of Samos (c. 570-c. 490) *SB *MT
Anaximenes of Miletus (fl. 546) *SB
Cleostratus of Tenedos (c. 520)
500 B.C.E.
Katyayana (c. 500)
Nabu-rimanni (c. 490)
Kidinu (c. 480)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (c. 500-c. 428) *SB *MT
Zeno of Elea (c. 490-c. 430) *MT
Antiphon of Rhamnos (the Sophist) (c. 480-411) *SB *MT
Oenopides of Chios (c. 450?) *SB
Leucippus (c. 450) *SB *MT
Hippocrates of Chios (fl. c. 440) *SB
Meton (c. 430) *SB
Hippias of Elis (fl. c. 425) *SB *MT
Theodorus of Cyrene (c. 425)
Socrates (469-399)
Philolaus of Croton (d. c. 390) *SB
Democritus of Abdera (c. 460-370) *SB *MT
400 B.C.E.
Hippasus of Metapontum (or of Sybaris or Croton) (c. 400?)
Archytas of Tarentum (of Taras) (c. 428-c. 347) *SB *MT
Plato (427-347) *SB *MT
Theaetetus of Athens (c. 415-c. 369) *MT
Leodamas of Thasos (fl. c. 380) *SB
Leon (fl. c. 375) *SB
Eudoxus of Cnidos (c. 400-c. 347) *SB *MT
Callipus of Cyzicus (fl. c. 370) *SB
Xenocrates of Chalcedon (c. 396-314)
Heraclides of Pontus (c. 390-c. 322)
Bryson of Heraclea (c 350?)
Menaechmus (c. 350) *SB
Theudius of Magnesia (c. 350?)
Thymaridas (c. 350)
Dinostratus (fl. c. 350) *SB
Speusippus (d. 339)
Aristotle (384-322) *SB *MT
Aristaeus the Elder (fl. c. 350-330) *SB *MT
Eudemus of Rhodes (the Peripatetic) (fl. c. 335) *SB
300 B.C.E.
Autolycus of Pitane (fl. c. 300) *SB
Euclid (fl. c. 295) *SB *MT
Aristarchus of Samos (c. 310-230) *SB *MT
Archimedes of Syracuse (287-212) *SB *MT
Philo of Byzantium (fl. c. 250) *SB
Nicoteles of Cyrene (c. 250)
Strato (c. 250)
Persius (c. 250?)
Eratosthenes of Cyrene (c. 276-c. 195) *SB *MT
Chrysippus (280-206)
Conon of Samos (fl. c. 245) *SB
Apollonius of Perga (c. 260-c. 185) *SB *MT
Nicomedes (c. 240?) *SB *MT
Dositheus of Alexandria (fl. c. 230) *SB
Perseus (fl. 300-70 B.C.E.?) *SB
200 B.C.E.
Dionysodorus of Amisus (c. 200?) *SB
Diocles of Carystus (fl. c. 180) *SB *MT
Hypsicles of Alexandria (fl. c. 175) *SB *MT
Hipparchus of Nicaea (c. 180-c. 125) *MT
Umaswati (c. 150)
100 B.C.E.
Zenodorus (c. 100?? BCE?)
Posidonius (c. 135-c. 51) *SB
Marcus Terentius Varro (116-27)
Zeno of Sidon (c. 79 BCE)
Geminus of Rhodes (fl. c. 77 BCE) *SB
Cleomedes (c. 40? BCE?) *SB
1 C.E.
Theodosius of Tripoli (c. 50? CE?)
Pamphila (c. 60 CE)
Heron of Alexandria (fl. 62 C.E.) (Hero) *SB *MT
100 C.E.
Balbus (fl. c. 100) *SB
Menelaus of Alexandria (c. 100 CE) *MT *SB
Nicomachus of Gerasa (c. 100) *SB
Zhang Heng (78-139)
Theon of Smyrna (c. 125)
Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus) (c. 100-c. 170) *SB *MT
Marinus of Tyre (c. 150)
Nehemiah (c. 150)
Apuleius of Madaura (Lucius Apuleius) (c. 124-c. 170)
200 C.E.
Diogenes Laertius (c. 200)
Liu Hong (fl. 178-187)
Wang Fan (217-257)
Diophantus of Alexandria (c. 250?) *SB *MT
Sun Zi (c. 250?)
Zhao Shuang (Jun Qing) (c. 260)
Liu Hui (c. 263) *SB
Porphyry (c. 234-c. 305) (Malchus the Tyrian, Porphyrius)
Anatolius of Alexandria (fl. c. 269) *SB
Sporus (c. 280)
Iamblichus (c. 250-c. 350) *SB
Xiahou Yang (c. 350?)
300 C.E.
Pappus of Alexandria (fl. c. 300-c. 350) *SB *MT
Serenus of Antinopolis (c. 350)
Pandrosion (c. 350)
Theon of Alexandria (c. 390)
Martianus Capella (c. 365-440) *SB
Synesius of Cyrene (c. 370-c. 413)
Hypatia of Alexandria (c. 370-415) *SB *MT
400 C.E.
Dominus of Larissa (fl. c. 450) *SB
Proclus Diadochus (410-485) *SB *MT
Zhang Qiujian [Chang Ch'iu-chien] (c. 450?)
Zu Chongzhi (Wenyuan) [Tsu Ch'ung-chih] (429-500) *MT
Eutocius of Ascalon (fl. c. 480) *SB
Marinus of Sichem (Neapolis) (c. 480?) *SB
500 C.E.
Metrodorus (c. 500)
Anicius Maulius Severinus Boethius (c. 480-524) *MT
Simplicius of Cilicia (c. 530)
Anthemius of Tralles (d. c. 534) *SB *MT
Aryabhata (476-c. 550) *SB *MT
Flavius Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus (c. 480-c. 575) *SB
John Philoponus (c. 490) *SB
Varahamihira (c. 505-c. 558)
Isidorus of Miletus (c. 540?) *SB
Eutocius of Ascalon (c. 550?)
Liu Zhuo (544-610)
Zhen Luan (Shuzun) (fl. 566)
Isidore of Seville (c. 560-636) *SB
600
Brahmagupta (c. 598-c. 670) *MT
Wang Xiaotong [Wang Hs'iao-t'ung] (fl. c. 625)
Li Chunfeng (fl. 664)
Bede (673-735) *SB
700
Yi Xing (683-727)
Levensita (fl. 718)
Alcuin of York (c. 735-804) *SB *MT
Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Fazari (fl. c. 771) *SB
800
Banu Musa (Muhammad, Ahmand, and al-Hasan, sons of Musa ibn Shakir) (ninth century) *SB
al-Hajjaj ibn Matar (c. 800)
Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (c. 780-c. 850) *SB *MT
Hrabanus Maurus (784-856)
Leo the Mathematician (c. 790-post 869) *SB
Govindaswami (c. 800-850)
al-Abbas ibn Said al-Jawhari (fl. c. 830) *SB
Hunayn ibn Ishaq (Johannitius) (808-873)
Pruthudakaswami (c. 850)
`Abd al-Hamid ibn Turk (c. 850)
Ahmad ibn `Abdullah al-Marwazi Habash al-Hasib (fl. 825-870) *SB
Mahavira (Mahaviracharya) (c. 850) *SB
Abu `Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Isa al-Mahani (fl. c. 860, d. c. 880) *SB
Thabit ibn Qurra (836-901) *MT
al-Fadl al-Nayrizi (c. 880)
Qusta ibn Luka (d. 912)
Abu Kamil Shuja ibn Aslam ibn Muhammad ibn Shuja (c. 850-c. 930) *SB
Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi (Rhazes) (c. 865-c. 932) *SB
Abu `Abd Allah Mohammad ibn Jabir al-Battani (Albatenius) (c. 858-929) *SB *MT
Abu Nasr Muhammad ibn Muhammad Tarkhan ibn Awzalagh al-Farabi (Alpharabius) (c. 870-c. 950) *SB
Abu'l-Abbas al-Fadl ibn al-Nayrizi (fl. c. 897, d. c. 922) *SB
900
Sridhara (c. 900)
Ahmad ibn Yusuf (fl. c. 900-905) *SB
Ibrahim ibn Sinan ibn Thabit ibn Qurra (909-946) *SB
Manjula (c. 930)
Abu Sahl al-Kuhi (c. 950)
Abu l'Hasan al-Uqlidisi (c. 952)
`Abd al-`Aziz al-Qabisi (c. 950) *SB
Prashastidhara (fl. 958)
Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Khorasani al-Khazin (d. c. 965) *SB
Aryabhata II (fl. c.? 950-1100) *SB
Muhammad Abu'l-Wafa al-Buzjani (940-998) *SB *MT
Gerbert d'Aurillac, Pope Sylvester II (c. 945-1003) *SB
Abd al-Jalil al-Sijzi (c. 970)
Abu'l-Hasan ibn Yunus (950-1009) *MT
Abu Mahmud Hamid ibn al-Knidr al-Khujandi (d. c. 1000) *SB
Abu `Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) (c. 965-c. 1039) *SB *MT
Abu l-Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni (973-1055)
Halayudha (c. 975)
Abu Sahl Wayjan ibn Rustam al-Quhi (fl. 970-1000) *SB
Abu l-Quasim Maslama ibn Ahmad al-Faradi al-Majriti (fl. 980-1000) *SB
1000
Jayadeva (c. 1000)
Abu Ali al-Husain ibn 'Abdullah ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980-1037)
Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad ibn al-Husayn al-Karaji (al Karkhi) (c. 1000) *SB
Abu `Abdallah al-Hasan ibn al-Baghdadi (c. 1000)
Al-Jili Kushyar ibn Labban ibn Bashahri (c. 1000) *SB
Abu Nasr ibn Ali Mansur ibn Iraq (d. 1030) *SB
Abu Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Muadh al-Jayyani (c. 990-post 1079) *SB
Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi (c. 1025)
Ali ibn Ahmad al-Nasawi (fl. 1029-1044) *SB
Hermann of Reichenan (Contractus) (1013-1054) *SB
Sripathi (fl. 1039)
Michael Constantine Psellus (1018-1078) *SB
Jia Xian (c. 1050)
Shen Kuo (1031-1095)
`Umar al-Khayyami (Omar Khayyam) (c. 1048-c. 1131) *SB *MT
Adelard of Bath (1075-1164) *SB *MT
1100
Peter Abelard (1079-1142)
Hemachandra Suri (b. 1089)
Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra (Avenare) (c. 1090-c. 1167) *SB
Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Yahya ibn al-Sa'igh ibn Bajja (Avenpace) (d. 1139) *SB
Abu Muhammad Jabir ibn Aflah al-Ishbili (Geber) (c. 1125) *SB
John of Seville (c. 1125)
Domingo Gundisalvo (c. 1125)
Abraham bar Hiyya ha-Nasi (Savasorda) (c. 1125) *SB
Plato of Tivoli (c. 1125) *SB
Girard of Cremona (1114-1187) *MT
Abu-l-Walid Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Rushd (Averroes) (1126-1198)
Bhaskara (1114-c. 1185) *MT
Ibn Yahya al-Samaw'al (1125-1180)
Gerard of Cremona (c. 1114-1187)
`Abd al-Rahman al-Khazini (c. 1150)
Robert of Chester (c. 1150)
Sharaf al-Din at-Tusi (c. 1175)
Robert Grosseteste (c. 1168-1253) *SB *MT
Leonardo Fibonacci of Pisa (C. 1170-post 1240) *SB *MT
1200
Cangadeva (fl. 1205)
Li Zhi (Li Ye) (Jingzhai) (1192-1279) *SB
Albertus magnus (1193-1280)
William Sherwood (c. 1195-1249)
Albertus Magnus (c. 1200-1280) *SB
Nasir al-Din at-Tusi (1201-1274)
Zakariya ibn Muhammad ibn Mahmud al-Qazwini (c. 1203-1283) *SB
Alexandre de Villedieu (c. 1225)
Liu Yi (fl. c. 1225)
Michael Scot (d. c. 1235) *SB
John of Halifax (Sacrobosco) (c. 1200-1256)
Qin Jiushao (Daogu) [Chin Chiu-shao] (c. 1202-c. 1261) *SB
Campanus of Novara (c. 1205-1296) *SB
Peter of Spain (1210-1277)
Jordanus de Nemore (fl. 1220-1260) *SB *MT
John of Palermo (fl. 1221-1240) *SB
Girard of Brussels (fl. c. 1235) *SB
Roger Bacon (c. 1219-c. 1292) *SB
William of Moerbeke (c. 1225-1286) *SB
John Pecham (c. 1230-1292) *SB
Guo Shoujing (1231-1316)
Yang Hui (Qianguang) (fl. 1261-1275) *MT
Muhammad al-Khalili (c. 1250)
Witelo (Vitellio) (fl. 1250-1275)
Muhyi 'l-Din al-Maghribi (fl. ca. 160-1265) *SB
Raymond Lully (1234-1315)
Wang Xun (1235-1281)
Georgios Pachymeres (1242-1316)
Maximos Planudes (c. 1255-1310)
ibn al-Banna al Marrakushi (1256-1321) *SB
John Duns Scotus (c. 1266-1308) *SB
Peter Philomena of Dacia (fl. 1290-1300) *SB
Walter Burleigh (1273-1357)
1300
Manuel Moschopoulos (c. 1300)
Kamal al-Din Abul Hasan Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Farisi (d. 1320) *SB
Zhu Shijie (Hanqing, Songting) [Chu Shih-chieh] (fl. c. 1280-1303) *SB
Francis of Meyronnes (c. 1285-c. 1330) *SB
William of Ockham (c. 1285-c. 1349) *SB *MT
Levi ben Gerson (1288-1344) *SB
Richard of Wallingford (c. 1291-1336) *SB
Thomas Bradwardine (c. 1295-1349) *MT
Nicholas Rhabdas (d. 1350)
Jean Buridan (c. 1300-1358)
Gergory of Rimini (d. 1358)
John of Meurs (Johannes de Muris) (c. 1343) *SB
Albert of Saxony (c. 1316-1390) *SB *MT
Nicole Oresme (c. 1320-1382) *SB *MT
John of Dumbleton (d. c. 1349)
William of Heytesbury (fl. c. 1335) *SB
Dominicus de Clavasio (fl. c. 1346) *SB
Immanuel Bonfils (c. 1350)
Giovanni di Casali (c. 1350)
Narayama Pandit (c. 1350) *SB
Richard Swineshead (Suiseth, Calculator) (c. 1350)
Ding Ju (fl. 1355)
Marsilius of Inghen (c. 1330-1396) *SB
John of Cornubia (fl. c. 1360)
Peter of Mantua (fl. c. 1360)
Madhava of Sangamagramma (c. 1340-1425)
Ralph Strode (fl. 1370)
He Pingzi (fl. 1373)
Antonio de Mazzinghi (b. c. 1353)
Qadi Zada al-Rumi (Salah al-Din Musa Pasha) (c. 1364-c. 1436) *SB
1400
Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446)
Paramesvara (c. 1380-c. 1460) *SB
John of Gmunden (c. 1382-1442) *SB
Ghy`iyath al_d`Din Jamshid Masud al-Kashi (d. 1429) *SB
Nicolette Paulus of Venice (d. 1429)
Ulugh Beg (1394-1449) *MT
Paolo del Pozzo Toscanelli (1397-1482)
Liu Shilong (fl. 1424)
Nicolas of Cusa (1401-1464) *SB *MT
Leone Battista Alberti (1404-1472) *SB *MT
Ghiyath al-Din al-Kashi (d. 1429) *MT
Piero della Francesca (c. 1410-1492) *MT
Abu l'Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Ali al-Qalasadi (1412-1486) *SB
George Peurbach (1423-1461)
Johannes Campanus (c. 1450)
Wu Jing (fl. 1450)
Piero Borgi (d. c. 1484) *MT
Johann Müller of Königsberg (Regiomontanus) (1436-1476) *SB *MT
Luca Pacioli (c. 1445-c. 1514) *SB *MT
Nicolas Chuquet (c. 1445-c. 1500) *SB *MT
Nilakantha Somayaji (1445-1545)
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) *SB *MT
Jacques le Fèvre d'Estaples (Stapulensis) (c. 1455-c.1536)
Nilakantha Somayaji (1455-1555)
Johann Widman (1462-1498) *MT
Scipione del Ferro (1465-1526) *SB *MT
Peter of Tartaret (fl. 1490-1500)
Johannes Werner (1468-1522) *MT
John Maior (1469-1550) *SB
Jean Dullaert of Chent (c. 1470-1513) *SB *W
Charles de Bouvelles (c. 1470-c. 1553) *W
Pedro Sánchez Ciruelo (c. 1470-1554) *SB
Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528) *SB *MT *W
Federico Grisogono (Federicus de Chrysogonius) (1472-1538) *W
Nicolas Copernicus (1473-1543) *SB *MT *W
Cuthbert Tonstall (1474-1559) *MT *W
1500
Johann Mayoris Scott (1478-1540)
Alvarus Thomas (fl. 1509) *W
Gaspar Lax (1487-1560) *SB *W
Michael Stifel (c. 1487-1567) *MT *W
Francisco de Mello (1490-1536) *W
Juan de Celaya (c. 1490-1558) *SB *W
Estienne de La Roche (fl. c. 1520) *SB *W
Adam Riese (1492-1559) *SB *W
Johannes Buteo (c. 1492-1570) *W
Luis Vives (1492-1589)
Oronce Fine (Fineus) (1494-1555) *W
Johann Scheubel (1494-1570)
Francesco Maurolico (1494-1575) *SB *W
Peter Apian (1495-1552) *W *SB
Philip Schwartzerd (Melanchthon) (1497-1560)
Andrias Osiander (1498-1552) *W
William Buckley (d. c. 1550)
Christoff Rudolff (c. 1500-c. 1545) *SB *MT *W
Niccolò Fontana of Brescia (Tartaglia) (c. 1500-1557) *MT *W
Sankara Variar (c. 1500-1560)
Narayana (c. 1500-1575)
Girolamo Cardano (1501-1576) *SB *MT *W
Pedro Nunes (Nonius) (1502-1578) *SB *W
Johannes Sturm (1507-1589)
Gemma Regnier (Frisius) (1508-1555)
Federico Commandino (1509-1575) *SB *W
Robert Recorde (1510-1558) *SB *MT *W
Gerardus Mercator (Kremer) (1512-1594) *SB *MT *W
Georg Joachim Rheticus (1514-1574) *SB *MT *W
Pierre de la Ramée (Ramus) (1515-1572) *SB *W
Jacques Peletier (1517-1582) *SB *W
Leonard Digges (c. 1520-1559) *SB *W
Ludovico Ferrari (1522-1565) *SB *MT *W
1550
Raphael Bombelli (c. 1526-1572) *MT *W
John Dee (1527-1608) *SB *W
Francesco Patrizi (1529-1597) *SB *W
Giovanni Battista Benedetti (1530-1590) *SB *W
Cunradus Dasypodius (c. 1530-1600) *SB *W
Jyesthadeva (c. 1550)
Wilhelm Holzmann (Xylander) (1532-1576)
Giambattista della Porta (1535-1615) *SB *W
Egnatio Danti (1536-1586) *SB *W
Francesco Barozzi (1537-1604) *SB *W
Christophorus Clavius (Christolf Klau) (1537-1612) *SB *MT *W
François Viète (Vieta) (1540-1603) *MT *W
Ostilio Ricci (1540-1603) *SB *W
Ludolph van Ceulen (1540-1610) *SB *MT *W
Adriaan Anthonisz (c. 1543-1620) *W
Guidobaldo del Monte (1545-1607) *SB *W
Paul Wittich (c. 1546-1586) *W
Thomas Digges (c. 1546-1595) *SB *MT *W
Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) *MT *W
François d'Aguilon (1546-1617) *W *SB
Xu Xinlu (fl. 1573)
Giodano Bruno (1548-1600) *W
Simon Stevin (1548-1620) *MT *W
Henry Savile (1549-1622) *MT
John Napier (1550-1617) *SB *MT *W
Valintin Otho (1550-1605)
Michael Mästlin (1550-1631) *W
Acyuta Pisarati (c. 1550-1621)
Juan Battista Villalpando (1552-1608) *W
Matteo Ricci (1552-1610) *SB *W
Luca Valerio (1552-1618) *MT *W
Pietro Antonio Caltaldi (1552-1626) *SB *MT *W
Jobst Bürgi (1552-1632) *MT *W
Bernadino Baldi (1553-1617) *SB *W
Giovanni Antonio Magini (1555-1617) *SB *W
Niccolo Longobardi (1559-1654)
Thomas Harriot (c. 1560-1621) *SB *MT *W
Bartholomäus Pitiscus (1561-1613) *SB *W
Adriaen van Roomen (Adrianus Romanus) (1561-1615) *SB *MT *W
Edward Wright (1561-1615) *W
Francis Bacon (1561-1626) *SB *W
Henry Briggs (1561-1631) *MT *W
Philip van Lansberge (1561-1632) *SB *W
Thomas Fink (1561-1656) *SB *W
Xu Guangqi (1562-1633)
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) *SB *MT *W
Li Zhizao (Zhenzhi) (1565-1630)
Marin Getaldic (Marino Ghetaldi) (1568-1626) *SB *MT *W
Cheng Dawei (Rusi, Binqu)(fl. 1592)
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) *SB *MT *W
Adriaen Metius (1571-1635) *SB *W
Samuel Marolois (c. 1572-1627)
1600
William Oughtred (1575-1660) *SB *MT *W
Mori Kambei Shigeyoshi (fl. 1600-1628)
Johann Terrenz Schreck (1576-1630)
Paul Guldin (1577-1643) *W
Li Tianjing (1579-1659)
Willebrond Snel (1580-1626) *MT *W
Denis Henrion (c. 1580-1632) *SB *W
Johann Faulhaber (1580-1635) *SB *W
Edmund Gunter (1581-1626) *SB *MT *W
Claude-Gaspar Bachet de Méziriac (1581-1638) *SB *RB *MT *W
Alexander Anderson (1582-c. 1620)
Giulio Aleni (1582-1649)
Gregory of St. Vincent (1584-1667) *RB *W
Claude Mydorge (1585-1647) *SB *MT *W
Jan Brozek (Broscius) (1585-1652) *W
Joachim Jungius (1587-1657) *SB *W
Isaac Beeckman (1588-1637) *SB *W
Johann Heinrich Alsted (1588-1638)
Marin Mersenne (1588-1648) *SB *RB *MT *W
Étienne Pascal (1588-1651) *SB *MT *W
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) *W
Girard Desargues (1591-1661) *SB *MT *W
Johann Adam Schall von Bell (1591-1666)
Jean Leurechon (c. 1591-1670) *SB
Wilhelm Schickard (1592-1635) *W
Giacomo Rho (1593-1638)
Pierre Hérigone (d. c. 1643) *SB *W
Albert Girard (c. 1595-1632) *SB *MT *W
Jean Beaugrand (c. 1595-1640) *SB *MT *W
René du Perron Descartes (1596-1650) *SB *RB *MT *W
Richard Delamain (d. c. 1645) *SB *MT *W
Jean-Charles de la Faille (1597-1652) *SB *W
Bonaventura Cavalieri (1598-1647) *RB *MT *W
Yoshida Shichibei Koyu (1598-1672)
Claude Hardy (c. 1598-c. 1678) *SB *W
1625
Antoine de Lalouvère (1600-1664) *SB *RB *W
Adriaan Vlacq (Vlaccus) (1600-1667) *W *W
Pierre de Carcavi (c. 1600-1684) *SB *W
Florimond Debeaune (1601-1652) *SB *MT *W
Pierre de Fermat (1601-1665) *RB *MT *W
B\Jacques de Billy (1602-1675) *W
Gilles Personne de Roberval (1602-1675) *SB *RB *MT *W
Abraham Bosse (1602-1676) *W
Bernard Frénicle de Bessy (c. 1605-1675) *SB *RB *W
Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz (1606-1682) *SB *W
Honoré Fabri (1607-1688) *SB *MT *W
Evangelista Torricelli (1608-1647) *RB *MT *W
Giovanni Alfonso Borelli (1608-1679) *W
Jan Jansz de Jonge Stampioen (1610-post 1689) *W
Jean Nicolas Smogulecki (1611-1656)
John Pell (1611-1685) *SB *RB *MT *W
Jacques-Alexandre Le Tenneur (fl. 1640-1650) *SB *W
André Tacquet (1612-1660) *W
Antoine Arnaule (1612-1694) *SB *W
Jean-François Niceron (1613-1616) *SB *W
John Wilkins (1614-1672) *MT
Frans van Schooten (1615-1660) *RB *MT *W
John Wallis (1616-1703) *RB *MT *W
Claude Mylon (c. 1618-c.1660) *SB *W
Alfons Anton de Sarasa (1618-1667)
Gabriel Mouton (1618-1694) *SB *W
Michelangelo Ricci (1619-1682) *SB *W
William Brouncker (1620-1684) *RB *MT *W
Nicolas Mercator (Kaufman) (1620-1687) *RB *MT *W
Claude François Milliet Descheles (1621-1678) *SB *W
Bernhard Varenius (1622-c. 1650) *W
Johann Heinrich Rahn (1622-1676) *MT
René François Walther de Sluse (1622-1685) *RB *MT *W
Adrien Auzout (1622-1691) *SB *W
Vincenzo Viviani (1622-1703) *RB *MT *W
Stefano degli Angeli (1623-1697) *SB *MT *W
Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) *SB *RB *MT *W
1650
Arnold Geulincx (1625-1669)
Jan De Witt (1625-1672) *MT *W
John Collins (1625-1683) *SB *RB *W
Pietro Mengoli (1625-1686) *MT*SB *W
Samuel Morland (1625-1695) *SB *W
Erasmus Bartolin (1625-1698) *SB *W
Jean-Dominique Cassini (1625-1712) *SB *MT *W
Robert Boyle (1627-1691) *MT
Jan Hudde (1628-1704) *SB *RB *MT *W
Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695) *SB *RB *MT *W
Isaac Barrow (1630-1677) *SB *RB *MT *W
Xue Fengzuo (d. 1680)
Christopher Wren (1632-1723) *RB *MT *W
Hendrik van Heuraet (1633-c. 1660) *SB *W
Fang Zhongtong (1633-1698)
Mei Wending (1633-1721)
Robert Hooke (1635-1702) *SB *RB *MT *W
William Neile (1637-1670) *MT
James Gregory (1638-1675) *SB *RB *MT *W
Georg Mohr (1640-1697) *SB *MT *W
Bernard Lamy (1640-1715) *SB *W
Jacques Ozanam (1640-1717) *SB *MT *W
Phillipe de La Hire (1640-1718) *SB *RB *MT *W
Seki Shinsuke Kowa (1642-1708) *MT
Isaac Newton (1642-1727) *SB *RB *MT *W
Olof Roemer (1644-1710) *RB *W
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) *SB *RB *MT *W
Giovanni Ceva (1647-1734) *SB *MT *W
Joseph Raphson (1648-1715) *MT
Tomasso Ceva (1648-1737) *SB *W
1675
Ehrenfried Walther von Tchirnhausen (1651-1708) *MT *RB *W
Michel Rolle (1652-1719) *SB *RB *MT *W
Jacques Bernoulli (James, Jakob) (1654-1705) *RB *MT *W
Bernard Nieuwentijt (1654-1718) *SB *W
Pierre Varignon (1654-1722) *RB *MT *W
John Craig (d. 1731) *SB *W
Charles René Reyneau (1656-1728) *SB *W
Edmund Halley (1656-1743) *SB *RB *MT *W
Bernard le Bouyer du Fontenelle (1657-1757) *SB *W
David Gregory (1659-1708) *SB *RB *MT *W
Joseph Saurin (1659-1737) *RB *W
Thomas-Fantet de Lagny (1660-1734) *SB *W
Putumana Somayaji (c. 1660-1740)
Guillaume-François-Antoine de l'Hospital (1661-1704) *SB *RB *MT *W
Nakane Genkei (1661-1733)
Jean-Pierre de Crousaz (1663-1750) *W
Takebe Kenko (1664-1739)
Antoine Parent (1666-1716) *RB *W
Girolamo Saccheri (1667-1733) *MT *W
John Arbuthnot (1667-1735) *SB *MT
Jean Bernoulli (John, Johann) (1667-1748) *RB *MT *W
William Whiston (1667-1752) *MT *W
Abraham De Moivre (1667-1754) *SB *RB *MT *W
Leonty Filippovich Magnitsky (1669-1739) *SB *W
John Keill (1671-1721) *W
Guido Grandi (1671-1742) *SB *MT *W
George Cheyne (1671-1743) *SB *W
Johann Gabriel Doppelmayr (c. 1671-1750) *SB *W
Christian Wolff (1674-1754) *W
Humphry Ditton (1675-1715) *RB
William Jones (1675-1749) *SB *W
1700
Jaganath Pandit (fl. 1700)
Chen Shiren (1676-1722)
Jacopo Francesco Riccati (1676-1754) *SB *RB *MT *W
Joseph Privat de Molieres (1677-1742) *W
Jacques Cassini (1677-1756) *SB *W
Jacques-François Le Poivre (fl. c. 1704) *SB *W
Pierre-Rémond de Montmort (1678-1719) *SB *RB *W
Jacob Hermann (1678-1733) *SB *MT *W
Charles Hayes (1678-1760)
John Machin (1680-1751)
Roger Cotes (1682-1716) *SB *RB *MT
Nicholas Saunderson (1682-1739)
Giulio Carlo Fagano dei Toschi (1682-1766) *SB *RB
François Frézier (1682-1773)
François Nicole (1683-1758) *RB
Jean-Philippe Rameau (1683-1764)
Brook Taylor (1685-1731) *RB *MT
George Berkeley (1685-1733) *MT
Nicholas Bernoulli (1687-1759) (nephew of Jean) *MT
Robert Simson (1687-1768) *MT
Wilhelm Jabob Storm van s'Gravesande (1688-1742) *SB
Louis Bertrand Castel (1688-1757) *SB *MT
Christian Goldbach (1690-1764) *SB *MT
James Sterling (1692-1770) *MT
Matsunaga Ryohitsu (fl. 1718-1749)
Jagannatha (fl. c. 1720-1740) *SB
Nicholas Bernoulli (1695-1726) (son of Jean) *MT
Colin Maclaurin (1698-1746) *SB *RB *MT
Pierre Bouguer (1698-1758) *MT
Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis (1698-1759) *SB *MT
Charles-Étienne-Louis Camus (1699-1768) *SB
1725
William Braikenridge (c. 1700-post 1759)
Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782) *RB *MT
Nakane Genjun (1701-1761)
Kurushima Yoshita (d. 1757)
Thomas Bayes (1702-1752) *SB *MT
Antoine Deparcieux (1703-1768) *SB
Gabriel Cramer (1704-1752) *SB *RB *MT
Alexis Fontaine des Bertins (1704-1771) *SB
Johann Andrea Segner (1704-1777)
Johann Castillon (1704-1791) *SB *MT
Gabrielle-Émilie du Breteuil, Marquise du Châtelet (1706-1749) *SB
Benjamin Robins (1707-1751)
Vincenzo Riccati (1707-1775) *SB
Leonhard Euler (1707-1783) *SB *MT
Compte de Buffon (1707-1788) *MT
Thomas Simpson (1710-1761) *RB *MT
Jean Bernoullii (1710-1790) (son of Jean 1667-1748) *MT
Rudjer Joseph Boskovic (1711-1787) *MT
Johann Samuel Koenig (1712-1757) *SB
Jean-Paul de Gua de Malves (c. 1712-1786) *SB *RB
Alexis-Claude Clairaut (1713-1765) *SB *RB *MT
Arima Raido (1714-1783)
Joachim Georg Darjes (1714-1791)
Giovanni Francesco Fagano dei Toschi (1715-1797) *SB
Ming Antu (d. 1765)
Gottfried Ploucquet (1716-1790)
Jean le Rond d'Alembert (1717-1783) *SB *R *MT
Matthew Stewart (1717-1785) *RB
Maria Gaetana Agnesi (1718-1799) *SB *MT
John Landen (1719-1790) *SB
Abraham Gotthelf Kästner (1719-1800) *SB
Franz Ulrigh Theodosius Aepinus (1724-1802) *SB
1750
Patrick d'Arcy (1725-1779) *SB
Jean-Etienne Montucla (1725-1799) *SB *MT
Johann Heinrich Lambert (1728-1777) *SB *MT
Paolo Frisi (1728-1784) *SB
Étienne Bézout (1730-1783) *MT
Giovanni Francesco Malfatti (1731-1807) *SB
Francis Maseres (1731-1824) *SB
W. J. G. Karsten (1732-1787)
Ajima Naonobu (Chokuyen) (c. 1732-1798) *SB
Jean Charles Borda (1733-1799) *MT
Edward Waring (1734-1798) *MT
François Daviet de Foncenex (1734-1799)
Fujita Sadasuke (1734-1807)
Alexandre-Théophile Vandermonde (1735-1796) *MT
Erland Samuel Bring (1736-1798) *MT
Charles Augustin Coulomb (1736-1806) *SB *MT
Joseph Louis Lagrange (1736-1813) *SB *MT
Charles Hutton (1737-1823) *SB
José Antonio Alzate y Ramírez (1738-1799) *SB
Ajima Chokuyen (1739-1783)
Georg Simon Klügel (1739-1812) *SB
Anders Johan Lexell (1740-1784) *SB
John Wilson (1741-1793) *MT
Carl Friedrich Hindenburg (1741-1808) *SB
Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas Caritat, Marquis de Condorcet (1743-1794) *SB *MT
José Anastácio da Cunha (1744-1787)
Jean-Charles Callet (1744-1799)
Jean Bernoullie (1744-1807) (son of Jean 1710-1790) *MT
George Atwood (1745-1807) *SB
Caspar Wessel (1745-1818) *MT
Gaspard Monge (1746-1818) *SB *MT
G. F. Castillon (1747-1800)
Aida Yasuaki (Ammei) (1747-1817) *SB
Pietro Cossali (1748-1815)
John Playfair (1748-1819) *SB *MT
Trembley (1749-1811)
Jean-Baptiste Joseph Delambre (1749-1822) *SB *MT
Pierre Simon de Laplace (1749-1827) *SB *MT
1775
Lorenzo Mascheroni (1750-1800) *SB *MT
Simon-Antoine-Jean Lhuiler (1750-1840) *SB *MT
Adrien-Marie Legendre (1752-1833) *SB *MT
Salomon Maimon (1753-1800)
Lazare-Nicolas-Marguerite Carnot (1753-1823) *SB *MT
Jean-Baptiste-Marie-Charles Meusnier de La Place (1754-1793) *SB
Jurij Vega (1754-1802) *MT
Nicolaus Fuss (1755-1826) *SB
Marc-Antoine Parseval des Chênes (1755-1836) *SB
Gaspard Clair François Marie Rich de Prony (1755-1839) *MT
John West (1756-1817) *MT
Heinrich W. M. Olbers (1758-1840)
Louis Franç Antoine Arbogaste (1759-1803) *SB
Sakabe Kohan (1759-1824)
Christian Kramp (1760-1826) *SB
Li Huang (d. 1811)
Jiao Xun (1763-1820)
Kusaka Sei (1764-1839)
Ruan Yuan (1764-1849)
Fujita Kagen (1765-1821)
Paolo Ruffini (1765-1822) *SB *MT
Johann Friedrich Pfaff (1765-1825) *SB *MT
James Ivory (1765-1842) *SB
Sylvestre-François Lacroix (1765-1843) *SB *MT
François Joseph Français (1768-1810) *SB
Wang Lai (Xiaoying, Hengzhai) (1768-1813)
Jean-Robert Argand (1768-1822) *SB *MT
Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1768-1830) *SB *MT
Pietro Abbati (1768-1842)
Willaim Wallace (1768-1843) *MT
François-Joseph Servois (1768-1847) *MT
Jean-Nicolas-Pierre Hachette (1769-1834) *SB *MT
Johann Martin Bartels (1769-1836)
Louis Puissant (1769-1843)
Marc-Antoine Parseval (?-1836)
Pasquale Galuppi (1770-1846)
Joseph Diez Gergonne (1771-1859) *SB *MT
Li Rui (Shangzhi, Sixiang) (1773-1817)
Robert Woodhouse (1773-1827) *MT
Nathaniel Bowditch (1773-1838) *MT
J. P. Kulik (1773-1863)
Karl Brandon Mollweide (1774-1825) *SB
Jean-Baptiste Biot (1774-1862) *MT
1800
Sankara Varman (c. 1800)
Jacques Frédéric Français (1775-1833) *SB
André-Marie Ampère (1775-1836) *SB *MT
Robert Adrain (1775-1843) *SB
K. F. Gauber (1775-1851)
Wolfgang Farkas Bolyai (1775-1856)
Sophie Germain (1776-1831) *SB *MT
Peter Barlow (1776-1862) *SB
Daniel Friedrich Hecht (1777-1833) *SB
Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) *SB *MT
Louis Poinsot (1777-1859) *SB *MT
Josef Maria Hoene-Wronski (1778-1853) *MT
John Farrer (1779-1853) *SB
Benjamin Gumpertz (1779-1865) *SB
August Leopold Crelle (1780-1855) *SB *MT
Ferdinand Karl Schweikart (1780-1859)
Mary Fairfax Greig Somerville (1780-1872)
Siméon-Denis Poisson (1781-1840) *MT
Bernhard Bolzano (1781-1848) *MT
Furukawa Ken (c. 1783-1838)
Charles-Julien Brianchion (1783-1864) *MT
Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (1784-1846) *MT
Pierre-Charles-François Dupin (1784-1873) *SB *MT
1810
Claude-Louis-Marie-Henri Navier (1785-1836) *SB *MT
Petr Scheutz (1785-1873)
Luo Tengfeng (fl. 1815)
William George Horner (1786-1837) *SB *MT
Dominique-François-Jean Arago (1786-1853) *MT
Jacques-Philippe-Marie Binet (1786-1856) *SB *MT
Wada Yenzo Nei (1787-1840)
Augustin Jean Fresnel (1788-1827) *SB *MT
William Hamilton (1788-1856) *SB
Jean-Victor Poncelet (1788-1867) *SB *MT
Xiang Mingda (1789-1850)
Luo Shilin (1789-1853)
Georg Simon Ohm (1789-1854) *MT
Augustin-Louis Cauchy (1789-1857) *SB *MT
A. D. Twesten (1789-1876)
Ludwig Immanuel Magnus (1790-1861)
Augusus Ferdinand Möbius (1790-1868) *SB *MT
Dong Youcheng (Fangli) (1791-1823)
George Peacock (1791-1858) *SB *MT
Friedrich Ludwig Wachter (1792-1817)
Gaspard Gustave de Coriolis (1792-1843) *SB *MT
Nicolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky (1792-1856) *SB *MT
Charles Babbage (1792-1871) *SB *MT
John Frederick William Herschel (1792-1871) *MT
Martin Ohm (1792-1872)
George Green (1793-1841) *MT
Theodore Olivier (1793-1853)
Ludwig Seeber (1793-1855)
Michel Chasles (1793-1880) *SB *MT
Germinal Pierre Dandelin (1794-1847) *SB *MT
Olinde Rodrigues (1794-1851)
William Whewell (1794-1866)
Franz Adolf Taurinus (1794-1874)
1820
Louis Paul Émile Richard (1795-1849) *SB
Bernt Michael Holmboe (1795-1850) *SB *MT
Gabriel Lamé (1795-1870) *SB *MT
Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881) *MT
Nicolas-Léonard-Sadi Carnot (1796-1832) *SB *MT
Gokai Ampon (1796-1862)
Shiraishi Chochu (1796-1862)
Jacob Steiner (1796-1863) *MT
Nikolai Dmetrivich Brashman (1796-1866) *MT
Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quételet (1796-1874) *SB *MT
Andreas von Ettinghausen (1796-1878)
Koide Shuki (1797-1865)
Jean-Marie-Constant Duhanel (1797-1872) *SB *MT
Johann August Grunert (1797-1872)
Barré de Saint-Venant (1797-1886)
Étienne Bobillier (1798-1840) *MT
Christopf Gudermann (1798-1852) *SB
Karl Georg Christian von Staudt (1798-1867) *MT
Michael Chasles (1798-1880)
Franz Ernst Neumann (1798-1895) *SB *MT
Gu Guanjuang (1799-1862)
Benoit Paul Emile Clapeyron (1799-1864) *MT
Karl Heinrich Gräffe (1799-1873) *SB .
Shen Qinpei (fl. 1829)
Karl Wilhelm Feuerbach (1800-1834) *SB *MT
Gaspare Mainardi (1800-1879)
George Bentham (1800-1884)
Mikhail Vasilevich Ostrogradsky (1801-1862) *SB *MT
Julius Plücker (1801-1868) *SB *MT
Antoine-Augustin Cournot (1801-1879) *SB
Joseph Antoine Ferdinand Plateau (1801-1883) *SB
Thomas Clausen (1801-1885) *SB *MT
George Biddle Airy (1801-1892) *SB *MT
Zhang Dunren (fl. 1831)
Niels Henrik Abel (1802-1829) *SB *MT
János Bolyai (1802-1860) *MT
Moritz Wilhelm Drobisch (1802-1896)
Johann Christian Doppler (1803-1853) *SB *MT
Jacques Charles François Sturm (1803-1855) *MT
Giusto Bellavitus (1803-1880) *SB
Pierre François Verhulst (1804-1849) *MT
Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi (1804-1851) *SB *MT
George Birch Jerrard (1804-1863) *SB *MT
Victor Jacoulevich Bouniakouski (1804-1889)
Wilhelm Eduard Weber (1804-1891) *MT
1830
Dai Xu (1805-1860)
William Rowan Hamilton (1805-1865) *SB *MT
Gustav Peter Lejeune Dirichlet (1805-1859) *SB *MT

Robert Murphy (1806-1843)
Augustus De Morgan (1806-1871) *SB *MT
Ernst Ferdinand Adolf Minding (1806-1885) *SB
Thomas Penyngton Kirkman (1806-1895) *SB *MT

Moritz Abraham Stern (1807-1894)

Athanase Louis Victoire Dupré (1808-1869) *SB
Friedrich Julius Richelot (1808-1875)
Johann Benedict Listing (1808-1882) *MT

John Henry Pratt (1809-1871) *SB
Hermann Günter Grassmann (1809-1877) *SB *MT
Benjamin Peirce (1809-1880) *SB *MT
Joseph Liouville (1809-1882) *SB *MT

Ernst Eduard Kummer (1810-1893) *SB *MT

Évariste Galois (1811-1832) *SB *MT
Auguste Bravais (1811-1863)
Ludwig Otto Hesse (1811-1874) *SB *MT
Urbain Jean Joseph Le Verrier (1811-1877) *MT
Li Shanlan (1811-1882)
Andrew Serle Hart (1811-1890)

Adolph Göpel (1812-1847) *SB
William Shanks (1812-1882) *MT

Duncan Farquharson Gregory (1813-1844) *SB
Pierre-Alphonse Laurent (1813-1854) *MT

Pierre Laurent Wantzel (1814-1848)
Eugène Charles Catalan (1814-1894)
Ludwig Schläfli (1814-1895) *MT
James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897) *MT
1840
Ada Lovelace (1815-1852)
George Boole (1815-1864) *MT
Fukuda Riken (1815-1889)
Karl Weierstrass (1815-1897) *MT

Charles-Eugene Delaunnay (1816-1872) *SB *MT
Johann Georg Rosenhain (1816-1887) *SB
Johann Rudolf Wolf (1816-1893) *MT
Jean-Fréderic Frénet (1816-1900) *SB *MT

Thomas Weddle (1817-1853)
Carl Wilhelm Borchardt (1817-1880) *MT
Charles Auguste Albert Briot (1817-1882)

Ferdinand Joachimsthal (1818-1861) *SB
Heinrich Richard Baltzer (1818-1887)

Jean-Claude Bouquet (1819-1885) *MT
Seigfried Heinrich Aronhold (1819-1884)
Joseph Alfred Serret (1819-1885) *MT
Pierre Ossian Bonnet (1819-1892) *MT
John Couch Adams (1819-1892) *MT
George Gabriel Stokes (1819-1903) *MT
George Salmon (1819-1904) *MT

William John Macquorn Rankine (1820-1872) *MT
Victor Alexandre Puiseux (1820-1883) *SB *MT
Isaac Todhunter (1820-1884) *MT
Ernest Jean Philippe Fauqede Jonquiéres (1820-1901) *SB

Heinrich Eduard Heine (1821-1881) *SB *MT
Takaku Kenjiro (1821-1883)
Arthur Cayley (1821-1895) *SB *MT
Pafnuty Lvovich Chebyshev (1821-1894) *SB *MT
Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (1821-1894) *SB *MT
Philipp Ludvig von Seidel (1821-1896)

Jules Antoine Lissajous (1822-1880) *SB *MT
Rudolph Jusius Emmanuel Clausius (1822-1888) *MT
Joseph-Louis-François Bertrand (1822-1900) *MT
Charles Hermite (1822-1901) *SB *MT
Francis Galton (1822-1911) *SB *MT

Ferdinand Gotthold Max Eisenstein (1823-1852) *SB *MT
Guillaume-Jules Hoüel (1823-1886) *SB
Leopold Kronecker (1823-1891) *SB *MT
Enrico Betti (1823-1892) *MT
Jakob Amsler-Laffon (1823-1912) *SB

Zacharias Dase (1824-1861) *MT
Delfino Codazzi (1824-1873) *SB
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824-1887) *SB *MT
Francesco Brioschi (1824-1847) *MT
Omura Isshu (1824-1891)
William Thomson, Lord Kelvin (1824-1907) *MT
1850
William Spottiswoode (1825-1883)
Johann Jakob Balmer (1825-1898) *SB

Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann (1826-1866) *SB *MT
Henry John Stephen Smith (1826-1883) *MT
Giuseppe Battaglini (1826-1894)
Ludwig Christian Wiener (1826-1896) *MT

Théodore Florentin Moutard (1827-1901) *SB

Karl Mikhailovich Peterson (1828-1881) *SB
Hagiwara Teisuke (1828-1909)

Ludvig Valentin Lorenz (1829-1891)
Elwin Bruno Christoffel (1829-1900) *SB *MT
Moritz Benedict Cantor (1829-1920) *MT

Antonio Luigi Gaudazio Giuseppe Cremona (1830-1903) *SB *MT

James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) *SB *MT
Paul David Gustav Du Bois-Reymond (1831-1889) *SB
Peter Guthrie Tait (1831-1901) *MT
Victor Mayer Amédée Mannheim (1831-1906) *SB *MT
Julius Wilhelm Richard Dedekind (1831-1916) *SB *MT

Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (Lewis Carroll) (1832-1898) *SB *MT
Rudolph Otto Sigismund Lipschitz (1832-1903) *SB *MT
Robert Tucker (1832-1905)
Eugène Rouché (1832-1910)
Wilhelm Fiedler (1832-1912)
J. Lachelier (1832-1918)
Ludwig Sylow (1832-1918) *MT
Carl Gottfried Neumann (1832-1925) *SB *MT

Rudolf Friedrich Alfred Clebsch (1833-1872) *SB *MT
Immanuel Lazarus Fuchs (1833-1902) *SB *MT
Hua Hengfan (Ruo Ting) (1833-1902)

Edmund Nicolas Laguerre (1834-1886) *SB *MT
John Venn (1834-1923) *MT
1860
William Stanley Jevons (1835-1882) *SB
Felice Casorati (1835-1890)
Émile-Léonard Mathieu (1835-1890) *SB *MT
Joseph Stefan (1835-1893) *MT
Eugenio Beltrami (1835-1899) *SB *MT
Charles Méray (1835-1911) *SB

Ludwig Hermann Kortum (1836-1909)
Julius Weingarten (1836-19010 *MT

E. L. W. Maximilian Curtze (1837-1903) *SB
Aleksandr Nikolaevich Korkin (1837-1908)
Hugh McColl (1837-1909) *SB
Paul Albert Gordon (1837-1912) *SB *MT
Wilhelm Lexis (1837-1914) *MT
Paul Gustav Heinrich Bachmann (1837-1920) *SB
Leo Königsberger (1837-1921)

Maurice Lévy (1838-1910) *SB
George William Hill (1838-1914) *SB
Theodor Reye (1838-1919) *SB
Camille Jordan (1838-1921) *SB *MT

Hermann Hankel (1839-1873) *SB *MT
Gustav Roch (1839-1866)
Joseph-Émile Barbier (1839-1889) *SB
Ernst Kossak (1839-1902)
Josiah Willard Gibbs (1839-1903) *SB *MT
Christian Gustav Adolph Mayer (1839-1908) *SB
Julius Peter Christian Petersen (1839-1910) *SB *MT
Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914) *SB
Hieronymus Georg Zeuthen (1839-1920) *MT

Émile Michel Hyacinthe Lemoine (1840-1912) *SB
Emory McClintock (1840-1916)
Franz Mertens (1840-1927)

Friedrich Wilheml Karl Ernst Schröder (1841-1902) *MT
Matthieu Paul Hermann Laurent (1841-1908) *SB
Sam Loyd (1841-1911) *MT
Rudolf Sturm (1841-1919)

François-Edouard-Anatole Lucas (1842-1891) *SB *MT
François Marius Sophus Lie (1842-1899) *SB *MT
Otto Stolz (1842-1905)
John William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh (1842-1909)
Heinrich Weber (1842-1913) *MT
Jean-Gaston Darboux (1842-1917) *SB *MT
Jakob Rosanes (1842-1922) *SB
Alexander Wilhelm von Brill (1842-1935) *MT

Giulio Ascoli (1843-1896)
Paul Tannery (1843-1904) *MT
Victor Schlegel (1843-1905)
Gaston Tarry (1843-1913) *MT
Hermann Amandus Schwarz (1843-1921) *MT
Moritz Pasch (1843-1930) *SB *MT
Karl Friedrich Geiser (1843-1934) *SB

Huang Zongxian (fl. 1873)
Shi Richun (fl. 1873)

Georges-Henri Halphen (1844-1889) *SB *MT
Ludwig Boltzmann (1844-1906) *MT
Jakob Lueroth (1844-1910) *SB
Charles Smith (1844-1916)
Paul Mansion (1844-1919) *SB
Max Noether (1844-1921) *SB *MT
Albert Wangerin (1844-1933) *MT
1870
William Kingdon Clifford (1845-1879) *SB *MT
Albert Ribacour (1845-1893) *SB
Albert Victor Bäcklund (1845-1912)
Georg Cantor (1845-1918) *SB *MT
Ulisse Dini (1845-1918) *SB *MT
Henri Brocard (1845-1922)
Francis Ysidro Edgeworth (1845-1926) *MT

Platon Sergeevich Poretsky (1846-1907) *SB *MT
Eugenio Bertini (1846-1933) *MT
Eugen Netto (1846-1919)
Gösta Magnus Mittag-Leffler (1846-1927) *SB *MT

Egor Ivanovich Zolotarev (1847-1878) *MT
Galileo Ferraris (1847-1897)
Cesare Arzelà (1847-1912)
Gaston Floquet (1847-1920)
Nicolay Egorovich Zhukovsky (1847-1921) *MT
Wilhelm K. J. Killing (1847-1923) *MT

William Weyr (1848-1894) *MT
Jules Tannery (1848-1910) *MT
Hermann Caesar Hannibal Schubert (1848-1911) *MT
Eugen Netto (1848-1919) *SB *MT
Adam Wilhelm Siegmund Guenther (1848-1923) *SB
Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege (1848-1925) *SB *MT
J. W. L. Glaisher (1848-1928) *SB
Diederik Johannes Korteweg(1848-1941) *SB *MT

Julius König (1849-1914) *SB
George Ferdinand Frobenius (1849-1917) *SB *MT
Alfred Kempe (1849-1922) *MT
Christian Felix Klein (1849-1925) *SB *MT
Horace Lamb (1849-1934) *SB *MT .
Sofya Vasilyevna Kovalevskaya (1850-1891) *SB *MT
Walter William Rouse Ball (1850-1925) *MT
Oliver Heaviside (1850-1925) *SB *MT
William Edward Story (1850-1930)
Alfred Pringsheim (1850-1941) *SB *MT

George Francis Fitzgerald (1851-1901) *MT
Anton Puchta (1851-1903)
George Chrystal (1851-1910) *SB *MT
Alexander Macfarlane (1851-1913)
Arthur Schuster (1851-1934)
Samuel Dickstein (1851-1939) *SB

William Burnside (1852-1927) *MT
Constantin LePaige (1852-1929) *SB
Carl Louis Ferdinand Lindemann (1852-1939) *SB *MT

Heinrich Maschke (1853-1908)
Evgraf Stepanovich Fyodorov (1853-1919) *SB
George Bruce Halsted (1853-1922) *SB
Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro (1853-1925) *SB *MT
Johan Ludvig Heiberg (1853-1928)
Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (1853-1928) *SB *MT
Arthur Moritz Schoenflies (1853-1928) *MT
Salvatore Pincherle (1853-1936) *SB *MT
Fabian Franklin (1853-1939)

Jules Henri Poincaré (1854-1912) *SB *MT
Benjamin Osgood Pierce, II (1854-1914) *SB
Giuseppe Veronese (1854-1917) *MT
Percy Alexander MacMahon (1854-1929) *SB
Marcel Louis Brillouin (1854-1948) *MT
1880
Giovanni Battista Guccia (1855-1914)
Karl Rohn (1855-1920) *SB
Paul Appell (1855-1930) *SB
Sophus Christian Juel (1855-1935)

Thomas Jan Stieltjes (1856-1894) *MT
Giacinto Morera (1856-1909)
Andrei Andreyevich Markov (1856-1922) *SB *MT
Carl David Tolmé Runge (1856-1927) *SB *MT
Luigi Bianchi (1856-1928) *MT
Ferdinand Rudio (1856-1929) *SB
Friedrich Schur (1856-1932)
Walther Franz Anton von Dyck (1856-1934) *SB *MT
Wilhelm Franz Meyer (1856-1934) *SB
Charles Émile Picard (1856-1941) *SB *MT

Cypoarissos Stéphanos (1857-1917)
Aleksandr Mikhailovich Liapunov (1857-1918) *SB *MT
Henry Ernest Dudeney (1857-1931) *MT
Karl Pearson (1857-1936) *SB *MT
Oscar Bolza (1857-1942)

Gaston Milhaud (1858-1918) *SB
Henry Buchard Fine (1853-1928) *SB
Gabriel Koenigs (1858-1931) *SB
Oscar Minkowski (1858-1931) *SB
Charlotte Angas Scott (1858-1931)
Giuseppe Peano (1858-1932) *SB *MT
Édouard Jean-Baptiste Goursat (1858-1936) *SB *MT
Arthur Russell Forsythe (1858-1942) *SB *MT
Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (1858-1947) *SB *MT

Ernesto Cesàro (1859-1906) *SB *MT
Adolf Hurwitz (1859-1919) *SB *MT
Marie-Georges Humbert (1859-1921) *SB
Johan Ludwig William Valdemar Jensen (1859-1925) *SB *MT
Otto Ludwig Hölder (1859-1937) *SB *MT

Mario Pieri (1860-1913) *SB
Mathias Lerch (1860-1922) *SB
Henry Taber (1860-1936)
Frank Morley (1860-1937)
David Eugene Smith (1860-1944)
Vito Volterra (1860-1946) *MT
D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson (1860-1948) *MT

Heinrich Burkhard (1861-1914) *MT
Pierre-Maurice-Marie Duhem (1861-1916) *SB *MT
George Ballard Mathews (1861-1922) *SB
Frank Nelson Cole (1861-1926) *SB *MT
Cesare Burali-Forti (1861-1931) *MT
Thomas Little Heath (1861-1940) *SB *MT
Friedrich Engel (1861-1941) *SB *MT
Fedor Eduardovich Molin (1861-1941) *SB
Kurt Hensel (1861-1941) *SB *MT
Alfred North Whitehead (1861-1947) *MT
Percy John Heawood (1861-1955) *MT

Henri Andoyer (1862-1929) *SB
Adolf Kneser (1862-1930) *SB *MT
Eduard Study (1862-1930) *MT
Eliakim Hastings Moore (1862-1932) *SB
Francis Sowerby Macaulay (1862-1937) *SB *MT
Philbert Maurice d'Ocagne (1862-1938) *SB
David Hilbert (1862-1943) *SB *MT
Gino Loria (1862-1954) *SB
Jules Antoine Richard (1862-1956) *SB

Giovanni Vailati (1863-1909)
Franz London (1863-1917)
Axel Thue (1863-1922) *MT
August Adler (1863-1923) *MT
John Charles Fields (1863-1932) *SB
Paul Painlevé (1863-1933) *SB *MT
Dmitry Aleksandrovich Grave (1863-1939) *SB
Augustus Edward Hough Love (1863-1940) *SB
William Henry Young (1863-1942) *MT
Stanislaw Zaremba (1863-1943) *MT
Aleksei Nikolaevich Krylov (1863-1945) *SB
George Abram Miller (1863-1951) *SB

Hermann Minkowski (1864-1909) *SB *MT
Vladimir Andreevich Steklov (1864-1926) *MT
Wilhelm Jan Wien (1864-1928) *MT
Józef Kürschák (1864-1933) *SB
William Fogg Osgood (1864-1943) *SB *MT
1890
Georg Landsberg (1865-1912) *SB
Niels Nielsen (1865-1931) *SB *MT
Aleksandr Petrovich Kotelnikov (1865-1944) *SB
Jacob William Albert Young (1865-1948)
Guido Castelnuovo (1865-1952) *SB *MT
Ernest Vessoit (1865-1952) *MT
Jacques Hadamard (1865-1963) *SB *MT

Martin Schilling (1866-1908)
Erik Ivar Fredholm (1866-1927) *SB *MT
Eugène Maurice Pierre Cosserat (1866-1931) *MT
Modeste Leon Marie Stuyvaert (1866-1932)
Alfred Tauber (1866-1942?) *MT
Charles-Jean de la Vallée Poussin (1866-1962) *MT

Maxime Bôcher (1867-1918)
D. N. Lehmer (1867-1938)

Georgii Feodosevich Voronoi (1868-1908) *MT
Louis Couturat (1868-1914) *SB
Alessandro Padoa (1868-1937) *SB
Emanuel Lasker (1868-1941)
Felix Hausdorff (1868-1942) *SB *MT
Arnold Sommerfeld (1868-1951) *MT

Dimitri Fedorovich Egorov (1869-1931) *SB *MT
Virgil Snyder (1869-1950)
Élie Cartan (1869-1951) *SB *MT
Benjamin Fedorovich Kagan (1869-1953) *SB

William Chauvenet (1870-1920)
Helge von Koch (1870-1924) *SB *MT
Louis Bachelier (1870-1946) *SB
Ernst Leonhard Lindelöf (1870-1946) *SB
Édouard Le Roy (1870-1954) *SB

Ernst Steinitz (1871-1928) *MT
Jules Joseph Drach (1871-1941) *SB
Federigo Enriques (1871-1946) *SB *MT
George Udny Yule (1871-1951) *MT
Ernst Friedrich Ferdinand Zermelo (1871-1951) *MT
Gino Fano (1871-1952) *SB
Émile Borel (1871-1956) *MT

Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) *MT

Alfred Loewy (1873-1935) *SB
Gheorghe Tzitzéica (1873-1939)
Tullio Levi-Civita (1873-1941) *SB *MT
Hans Frederick Blichfeldt (1873-1945) *MT
Constantin Carathéodory (1873-1950) *SB *MT
Edmund Taylor Whittaker (1873-1956) *MT
Julian Lowell Coolidge (1873-1958) *SB
Johan Frederik Steffensen (1873-1961)

Gerhard Hessenberg (1874-1925)
René Louis Baire (1874-1932) *SB *MT
Heinrich Leibmann (1874-1939)
Evgeniy Leonidovich Bunitsky (1874-1952)
Edward Vermilye Huntington (1874-1952) *SB *MT
Leonard Eugene Dickson (1874-1954) *SB *MT
1900
Beppo Levi (1875-1962)
Issai Schur (1875-1941)
Francesco Paolo Cantelli (1875-1966)
Giuseppe Vitali (1875-1932) *MT
Henri Léon Lebesgue (1875-1941) *SB *MT
Issai Schur (1875-1941) *MT
Ernst Fischer (1875-1959)
Teiji Takagi (1875-1960) *SB

Ernst Wilczynski (1876-1932) *MT
William Sealy Gosset (1876-1937) *SB *MT
Erhard Schmidt (1876-1959)
Gilbert Ames Bliss (1876-1961) *MT
Luthor Pfahler Eisenhart (1876-1965) *SB *MT
Paul Montel (1876-1975)

Edmund Landau (1877-1938) *SB *MT
Godfrey Harold Hardy (1877-1947) *SB *MT

Pierre Joseph Louis Fatou (1878-1929) *SB *MT
Marcel Grossmann (1878-1936) *SB *MT
Max Dehn (1878-1952) *SB *MT
Louis Charles Karpinski (1878-1956)
Jan Lukasiewicz (1878-1956) *SB
Leopold Löwenheim (1878-1957) *SB
René Maurice Fréchet (1878-1973) *SB *MT

Philip Edward Bertrand Jourdain (1879-1921)
John W. Young (1879-1932)
Hans Hahn (1879-1934)
Duncan MacLaren Young Sommerville (1879-1934) *MT
Guido Fubini (1879-1943) *SB *MT
Albert Einstein (1879-1955) *SB *MT
Nikolai Mitrofanovich Krylov (1879-1955) *SB
Francesco Severi (1879-1961) *MT
Edwin Bidwell Wilson (1879-1964) *MT

Alfred James Lotka (1880-1949) *SB
Frigyes (Friedrich) Riesz (1880-1956) *SB *MT
Lipót Fejér (1880-1959) *SB *MT
Oscar Veblen (1880-1960) *MT
Heinrich Franz Fridrich Tietze (1880-1964) *SB *MT
Sergi Natanovich Bernstein (1880-1966) *MT

Otto Toeplitz (1881-1940) *MT
Elizabeth LeSturgeon (1881-1971)

Amalie Emmy Noether (1882-1935) *SB *MT
Arthur Stanley Eddington (1882-1944) *SB *MT
Paul Koebe (1882-1945) *SB
Harry Bateman (1882-1946) *SB *MT
Joseph Henry Maclagen Wedderburn (1882-1948) *MT
Konrad Knopp (1882-1957) *SB
Victor Thébault (1882-1960)
Luitzen E. J. Brouwer (1882-1966) *MT
Waclaw Sierpinski (1882-1969) *MT
Max Born (1882-1970) *MT
Harry Schultz Vandiver (1882-1973) *SB *MT
Robert Lee Moore (1882-1974) *SB

John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) *SB *MT
James Victor Uspensky (1883-1947)
Ernst Hellinger (1883-1950) *SB *MT
Nikolai Nikolaevich Luzin (1883-1950) *SB *MT
Richard Von Mises (1883-1953) *SB *MT
Aleksandr Ivanovich Nekrasov (1883-1957) *SB
Eric Temple Bell (1883-1960) *SB *MT
Henry Sheffer (1883-1964)
Jan Arnoldus Schouten (1883-1941) *MT

Charles Albert Fischer (1884-1922)
Eduard Helly (1884-1943) *SB
George David Birkhoff (1884-1944) *MT
Leon Chwistak (1884-1944) *SB
Otto Szász (1884-1952)
Georges Jean Marie Valiron (1884-1955)
Solomon Lefschetz (1884-1972) *SB *MT
Arnaud Denjoy (1884-1974) *SB
1910
Alfréd Haar (1885-1933) *SB *MT
Leonida Tonelli (1885-1946)
Hermann Weyl (1885-1955) *MT
Herbert Westren Turnbull (1885-1961) *MT
Wilhelm Johann Eugen Blaschke (1885-1962) *MT
Niels Henrik David Bohr (1885-1962) *MT
Angelo Tonolo (1885-1962)
Erwin Finlay Freundich (1885-1964) *MT
John Edensor Littlewood (1885-1977) *SB *MT

Stanislaw Lesniewski (1886-1939) *SB
George Neville Watson (1886-1965) *MT
Marcel Riesz (1886-1969) *SB
Paul P. Lévy (1886-1971)

Srinivasa Aaiyangar Ramanujan (1887-1920) *SB *MT
Erich Hecke (1887-1947) *SB *MT
Walther Mayer (1887-1948)
Harold August Bohr (1887-1951)
Johann Radon (1887-1956) *SB *MT
Oscar Johann Viktor Anderson (1887-1960) *SB
Erwin Schrödinger (1887-1961) *MT
Simion Stoilow (1887-1961)
Albert Thoralf Skolem (1887-1963) *MT
Hugo Dyonizy Steinhaus (1887-1972) *MT
Griffith Conrad Evans (1887-1973) *SB
George Pólya (1887-1985) *MT

Zygmunt Janiszewski (1888-1920) *SB
Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Friedmann (1888-1925) *SB
William Edward Hodgson Berwick (1888-1944) *MT
Stefan Mazurkiewicz (1888-1945) *SB
Jacob David Tamarkin (1888-1945)
Julio Rey Pastor (1888-1962) *SB
James Wadell Alexander (1888-1971) *MT
Richard Courant (1888-1972) *MT
Louis Joel Mordell (1888-1972) *SB
Paul Isaac Bernays (1888-1977) *SB *MT

Andrei Mikhailovich Razmadze (1889-1929) *SB
Vjaceslav Vasilevic Stepanov (1889-1950) *SB
Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951) *sb
Anton Kazimirovich Sushkevich (1889-1968)
Alessandro Terracini (1889-1968)

Georg Feigl (1890-1945) *SB
Lester Sanders Hill (1890-1961) *SB
Ronald Aylmer Fisher (1890-1962) *SB *MT
Joseph Jean Camille Pérès (1890-1962) *SB
Tsurusaburo Takasu (1890-1972)
Vannevar Bush (1890-1974) *SB
Eugenio Giuseppe Togliatti (1890-1977)

Ivan Ivanovich Privalov (1891-1941) *SB *MT
Pierre Humbert (1891-1953) *SB
Abraham Adolf Fraenkel (1891-1965) *SB *MT
Pietro Giuseppe Francesco Tortorici (1891-1966)
Abram Sumoilovitch Besicovitch (1891-1970) *SB
Carl Ludwig Siegel (1891-1981) *SB
Ivan Matveevich Vinogradov (1891-1983) *MT

Stefan Banach (1892-1945) *SB *MT
Hans Rademacher (1892-1969) *SB *MT
Nocoló Spampinato (1892-1971)
Harold Marston Morse (1892-1977) *MT
Louis de Broglie (1892-1987) *MT

Joseph Fels Ritt (1893-1951) *SB
Eduard Cech (1893-1960) *SB *MT
Charles Loewner (1893-1968) *SB
Kurt Werner Friedrich Reidemeister (1893-1971) *SB *MT
Gaston Julia (1893-1978) *MT

Nikolai Grigorievich Chebotaryov (1894-1947) *SB
Aleksandr Yakovlevich Khinchin (1894-1959) *SB
Masatsugu Tsuji (1894-1960)
R. Vaidyanathaswamy (1894-1960)
Norbert Wiener (1894-1964) *MT
Heinz Hopf (1894-1971) *SB *MT
Satyendranath Bose (1894-1974) *MT
Jerzy Neyman (1894-1981) *SB
1920
Tibor Radó (1895-1965) *SB
Octav Mayer (1895-1966)
Stefan Bergman (1895-1977) *SB
Rolf Herman Nevanlinna (1895-1980) *SB

Ernst Paul Heinz Prüfer (1896-1934) *MT
Wilhelm Ackermann (1896-1962) *MT
Kazimierz Kuratowski (1896-1980) *SB *MT
Pavel Sergeevich Aleksandrov (1896-1982) *SB *MT

Emil Leon Post (1897-1954) *SB *MT
Jesse Douglas (1897-1965) *SB
Francesco Giacomo Filippo Tricomi (1897-1978)

Pavel Samuilovich Urysohn (1898-1924) *MT
Emil Artin (1898-1962) *SB *MT
Raphaël Salem (1898-1963) *SB
Philip Franklin (1898-1965) *MT
Helmut Hasse (1898-1979) *SB
Arend Heyting (1898-1980) *SB

Juliusz Pawel Schauder (1899-1943) *SB
Edward Charles Titchmarsh (1899-1963) *MT
Wolfgang Krull (1899-1971) *SB
Salomon Bochner (1899-1982) *SB
Tracy Yerkes Thomas (1899-1983)
Otto Neugebauer (1899-1990) *MT

Wolfgang Pauli (1900-1958) *MT
David Van Dantzig (1900-1959) *SB
William John Youden (1900-1971) *MT
Haskell Brooks Curry (1900-1982)
Antoni Zymund (1900-1992) *MT .
Ivan Georgievich Petrovskii (1901-1973) *SB
Petr Sergeevich Novikov (1901-1975) *SB
Werner Karl Heisenberg (1901-1976) *MT
Richard Dagobert Brauer (1901-1977) *SB *MT
Naum Il'ich Akhiezer (1901-1980) *SB

Abraham Wald (1902-1950) *MT
Kazimierz Zarankiewicz (1902-1959) *MT
Alfred Tarski (1902-1983) *SB *MT
Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac (1902-1984) *SB *MT

Frank Plumpton Ramsey (1903-1930) *SB *MT
John von Neumann (1903-1957) *MT
Aurel Wintner (1903-1958) *MT
Jean Frédéric Auguste Delsarte (1903-1968) *SB
William Vallance Douglas Hodge (1903-1975) *SB
Andrei Nicolaevich Kolmogoroff (1903-1987) *MT
Alonzo Church (1903-1995)

Witold Hurewicz (1904-1956) *SB
John Henry Constantine Whitehead (1904-1960) *MT
Philip Hall (1904-1982) *MT
1930
Lev Genrikhovich Shnireman (1905-1938) *MT
Abraham Adrian Albert (1901-1972) *SB
László Kalmár (1905-1976) *SB
Ruth Moufang (1905-1977) *SB
Charles Ehresmann (1905-1979) *SB
Stanislaw Mazur (1905-1981) *MT
Karol Borsuk (1905-1982) *SB *MT
Jean A. Dieudonné (1905-1992)

Samuel Stanley Wilks (1906-1964) *MT
Alexandr Osipovich Gelfond (1906-1968) *SB *MT
William Feller (1906-1970) *SB
Kurt Friedrich Gödel (1906-1978) *SB *MT
Grace Murray Hopper (1906-1992)
Max Zorn (1906-1993) *MT

Harold Davenport (1907-1969) *SB
Harold Douglas Ursell (1907-1969)
Henry Scheffé (1907-1977) *SB
Hassler Whitney (1907-1989) *MT

Jacques Herbrand (1908-1931) *SB *MT
Lev S. Pontrjagin (1908-1960)
Hans Arnold Heibronn (1908-1975) *SB
Arthur Erdélyi (1908-1977) *SB

Gerhard Gentzen (1909-1945) *SB
Analoly Ivanovich Malcev (1909-1967) *SB
Mark Aronovich Naimark (1909-1978) *SB
Stanislaw Marin Ulam (1909-1984) *MT
William Gemmell Cochran (1909-1990) *SB
Stephen C. Kleene (1909-1994)

Norman Earl Steenrod (1910-1971)
Paul Turán (1910-1976) *SB
Jacob Wolfowitz (1910-1981) *SB *MT

Abraham Gelbart (1911-1994)

Norman Levinson (1912-1975) *SB
Jean van Heijenoort (1912-1986)

Nicolas Bourbaki (c. 1940)

Paul Julius Oswald Teichmüller (1913-1943) *SB
Alan Mathison Turing (1913-1954) *MT
Andrzej Mostowski (1913-1975) *SB

Johannes de Groot (1914-1972) *SB
Lipman Bers (1914-1993)
1940
Iurii Vladimirovich Linnik (1915-1972) *SB
Leonard Jimmie Savage (1917-1971) *SB
Abraham Robinson (1918-1974) *SB *MT
Hsien Chung Wang (1918-1978) *SB *MT
Alfréd Rényi (1921-1970) *SB
Shimson Avraham Amitsur (1921-1994)
Harish-Chandra Mehrotra (1923-1983) *SB
Daniel Gorenstein (1923-1992)
1970
Rufus Bowen (1947-1978) *SB

y-mx+b - present time

 

[pretty_green_eyes]

Random Facts

If you have 3 quarters, 4 dimes, and 4 pennies, you have $1.19. You also have the largest amount of money in coins without being able to make change for a dollar.
The numbers '172' can be found on the back of the U.S. $5 dollar bill in the bushes at the base of the Lincoln Memorial.

President Kennedy was the fastest random speaker in the world with upwards of 350 words per minute.

In the average lifetime, a person will walk the equivalent of 5 times around the equator.

Odontophobia is the fear of teeth.

The 57 on Heinz ketchup bottles represents the number of varieties of pickles the company once had.

In the early days of the telephone, operators would pick up a call and use the phrase, "Well, are you there?". It wasn't until 1895 that someone suggested answering the phone with the phrase "number please?"

The surface area of an average-sized brick is 79 cm squared.

According to suicide statistics, Monday is the favored day for self-destruction.

Cats sleep 16 to 18 hours per day.

The most common name in the world is Mohammed.

It is believed that Shakespeare was 46 around the time that the King James Version of the Bible was written. In Psalms 46, the 46th word from the first word is shake and the 46th word from the last word is spear.

Karoke means "empty orchestra" in Japanese.

The Eisenhower interstate system requires that one mile in every five must be straight. These straight sections are usable as airstrips in times of war or other emergencies.

The first known contraceptive was crocodile dung, used by Egyptians in 2000 B.C.

Rhode Island is the smallest state with the longest name. The official name, used on all state documents, is "Rhode Island and Providence Plantations."

When you die your hair still grows for a couple of months.

There are two credit cards for every person in the United States.

Isaac Asimov is the only author to have a book in every Dewey-decimal category.

The newspaper serving Frostbite Falls, Minnesota, the home of Rocky and Bullwinkle, is the Picayune Intellegence.

It would take 11 Empire State Buildings, stacked one on top of the other, to measure the Gulf of Mexico at its deepest point.

The first person selected as the Time Magazine Man of the Year - Charles Lindbergh in 1927.

The most money ever paid for a cow in an auction was $1.3 million.

It took Leo Tolstoy six years to write "War & Peace".

The Neanderthal's brain was bigger than yours is.

On the new hundred dollar bill the time on the clock tower of Independence Hall is 4:10.

Each of the suits on a deck of cards represents the four major pillars of the economy in the middle ages: heart represented the Church, spades represented the military, clubs represented agriculture, and diamonds represented the merchant class.

The names of the two stone lions in front of the New York Public Library are Patience and Fortitude. They were named by then-mayor Fiorello LaGuardia.

The Main Library at Indiana University sinks over an inch every year because when it was built, engineers failed to take into account the weight of all the books that would occupy the building.

The sound of E.T. walking was made by someone squishing her hands in jelly.

Lucy and Linus (who where brother and sister) had another little brother named Rerun. (He sometimes played left-field on Charlie Brown's baseball team, [when he could find it!]).

The pancreas produces Insulin.

1 in 5,000 north Atlantic lobsters are born bright blue.

There are 10 human body parts that are only 3 letters long (eye hip arm leg ear toe jaw rib lip gum).

A skunk's smell can be detected by a human a mile away.

The word "lethologica" describes the state of not being able to remember the word you want.

The king of hearts is the only king without a moustache.

Henry Ford produced the model T only in black because the black paint available at the time was the fastest to dry.

Mario, of Super Mario Bros. fame, appeared in the 1981 arcade game, Donkey Kong. His original name was Jumpman, but was changed to Mario to honor the Nintendo of America's landlord, Mario Segali.

The three best-known western names in China: Jesus Christ, Richard Nixon, and Elvis Presley.

Every year about 98% of the atoms in your body are replaced.

Elephants are the only mammals that can't jump.

The international telephone dialing code for Antarctica is 672.

World Tourist day is observed on September 27.

Women are 37% more likely to go to a psychiatrist than men are.

The human heart creates enough pressure to squirt blood 30 feet (9 m).

Diet Coke was only invented in 1982.

There are more than 1,700 references to gems and precious stones in the King James translation of the Bible.

When snakes are born with two heads, they fight each other for food.

American car horns beep in the tone of F.

Turning a clock's hands counterclockwise while setting it is not necessarily harmful. It is only damaging when the timepiece contains a chiming mechanism.

There are twice as many kangaroos in Australia as there are people. The kangaroo population is estimated at about 40 million.

Police dogs are trained to react to commands in a foreign language; commonly German but more recently Hungarian.

The Australian $5 to $100 notes are made of plastic.

St. Stephen is the patron saint of bricklayers.

The average person makes about 1,140 telephone calls each year.

Stressed is Desserts spelled backwards.

If you had enough water to fill one million goldfish bowls, you could fill an entire stadium.

Mary Stuart became Queen of Scotland when she was only six days old.

Charlie Brown's father was a barber.

Flying from London to New York by Concord, due to the time zones crossed, you can arrive 2 hours before you leave.

Dentists have recommended that a toothbrush be kept at least 6 feet (2 m) away from a toilet to avoid airborne particles resulting from the flush.

You burn more calories sleeping than you do watching TV.

A lion's roar can be heard from five miles away.

The citrus soda 7-UP was created in 1929; "7" was selected because the original containers were 7 ounces. "UP" indicated the direction of the bubbles.

Canadian researchers have found that Einstein's brain was 15% wider than normal.

The average person spends about 2 years on the phone in a lifetime.

The fist product to have a bar code was Wrigleys gum.

The largest number of children born to one woman is recorded at 69. From 1725-1765, a Russian peasant woman gave birth to 16 sets of twins, 7 sets of triplets, and 4 sets of quadruplets.

Beatrix Potter created the first of her legendary "Peter Rabbit" children's stories in 1902.

In ancient Rome, it was considered a sign of leadership to be born with a crooked nose.

The word "nerd" was first coined by Dr. Seuss in "If I Ran the Zoo."

A 41-gun salute is the traditional salute to a royal birth in Great Britain.

The bagpipe was originally made from the whole skin of a dead sheep.

The roar that we hear when we place a seashell next to our ear is not the ocean, but rather the sound of blood surging through the veins in the ear. Any cup-shaped object placed over the ear produces the same effect.

Revolvers cannot be silenced because of all the noisy gasses which escape the cylinder gap at the rear of the barrel.

Liberace Museum has a mirror-plated Rolls Royce; jewel-encrusted capes, and the largest rhinestone in the world, weighing 59 pounds and almost a foot in diameter.

A car that shifts manually gets 2 miles more per gallon of gas than a car with automatic shift.

Cats can hear ultrasound.

Dueling is legal in Paraguay as long as both parties are registered blood donors.

The highest point in Pennsylvania is lower than the lowest point in Colorado.

The United States has never lost a war in which mules were used.

Children grow faster in the springtime.

On average, there are 178 sesame seeds on each McDonalds BigMac bun.

Paul Revere rode on a horse that belonged to Deacon Larkin.

The Baby Ruth candy bar was actually named after Grover Cleveland's baby daughter, Ruth.

Minus 40 degrees Celsius is exactly the same as minus 40 degrees Fahrenheit.

Clans of long ago that wanted to get rid of unwanted people without killing them used to burn their houses down -- hence the expression "to get fired"

Nobody knows who built the Taj Mahal. The names of the architects, masons, and designers that have come down to us have all proved to be latter-day inventions, and there is no evidence to indicate who the real creators were.

Every human spent about half an hour as a single cell.

7.5 million toothpicks can be created from a cord of wood.

The plastic things on the end of shoelaces are called aglets.

A 41-gun salute is the traditional salute to a royal birth in Great Britain.

The earliest recorded case of a man giving up smoking was on April 5, 1679, when Johan Katsu, Sheriff of Turku, Finland, wrote in his diary "I quit smoking tobacco." He died one month later.

"Goodbye" came from "God bye" which came from "God be with you."

February is Black History Month.

Jane Barbie was the woman who did the voice recordings for the Bell System.

The first drive-in service station in the United States was opened by Gulf Oil Company - on December 1, 1913, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

The elephant is the only animal with 4 knees.

Kansas state law requires pedestrians crossing the highways at night to wear tail lights.

 

[tNs]

History of the Olympic Games

Ancient Olympic Games

The Olympic Games begun at Olympia in Greece in 776 BC. The Greek calendar was based on the Olympiad, the four-year period between games. The games were staged in the wooded valley of Olympia in Elis. Here the Greeks erected statues and built temples in a grove dedicated to Zeus, supreme among the gods. The greatest shrine was an ivory and gold statue of Zeus. Created by the sculptor Phidias, it was considered one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Scholars have speculated that the games in 776 BC were not the first games, but rather the first games held after they were organized into festivals held every four years as a result of a peace agreement between the city-states of Elis and Pisa. The Eleans traced the founding of the Olympic games to their King Iphitos, who was told by the Delphi Oracle to plant the olive tree from which the victors' wreaths were made.

According to Hippias of Elis, who compiled a list of Olympic victors c.400 BC, at first the only Olympic event was a 200-yard dash, called a stadium. This was the only event until 724 BC, when a two-stadia race was added. Two years later the 24-stadia event began, and in 708 the pentathlon was added and wrestling became part of the games. This pentathlon, a five-event match consisted of running, wrestling, leaping, throwing the discus, and hurling the javelin. In time boxing, a chariot race, and other events were included.

The victors of these early games were crowned with wreaths from a sacred olive tree that grew behind the temple of Zeus. According to tradition this tree was planted by Hercules (Heracles), founder of the games. The winners marched around the grove to the accompaniment of a flute while admirers chanted songs written by a prominent poet.

The Olympic Games were held without interruptions in ancient Greece. The games were even held in 480 BC during the Persian Wars, and coincided with the Battle of Thermopylae. Although the Olympic games were never suspended, the games of 364 BC were not considered Olympic since the Arkadians had captured the sanctuary and reorganized the games.

After the Battle of Chaironeia in 338 BC, Philip of Makedon and his son Alexander gained control over the Greek city-states. They erected the Philippeion (a family memorial) in the sanctuary, and held political meetings at Olympia during each Olympiad. In 146 BC, the Romans gained control of Greece and, therefore, of the Olympic games. In 85 BC, the Roman general Sulla plundered the sanctuary to finance his campaign against Mithridates. Sulla also moved the 175th Olympiad (80 BC) to Rome.

The games were held every four years from 776 BC to 393 AD, when they were abolished by the Christian Byzantine Emperor Theodosius I. The ancient Olympic Games lasted for 1170 years.

The successful campaign to revive the Olympics was started in France by Baron Pierre de Coubertin late in the 19th century. The first of the modern Summer Games opened on Sunday, March 24, 1896, in Athens, Greece. The first race was won by an American college student named James Connolly.

Chronology of athletic events added to the Olympic Games
According to the tradition of Hippias of Elis ca. 400 BC, the events of the Olympic Games were added to the program in the following order.



Year
Olympiad
Event

776 BC
1st Olympiad
Stadium race

724 BC
14th Olympiad
double-stadium race

720 BC
15th Olympiad
long-distance race

708 BC
18th Olympiad
Pentathlon

708 BC
18th Olympiad
Wrestling

688 BC
23rd Olympiad
Boxing

680 BC
25th Olympiad
4-horse chariot race

648 BC
33rd Olympiad
horse race

648 BC
33rd Olympiad
Pankration

520 BC
65th Olympiad
race in armor

408 BC
93rd Olympiad
2-horse chariot race


Myths and the Olympic Games
Pelops myth
There are several Greek myths about how the games were started. The most common myth was the story of the hero Pelops, after whom the Peloponnese is named ("Pelops’ isle"). The story of Pelops was displayed prominently on the east pedimental sculptures of the Temple of Zeus. Pelops was a prince from Lydia in Asia Minor who sought the hand of Hippodamia, the daughter of King Oinomaos of Pisa. Oinomaos challenged his daughter's suitors to a chariot race under the guarantee that any young man who won the chariot race could have Hippodamia as a wife. Any young man who lost the race would be beheaded, and the heads would be used as decoration for the palace of Oinomaos. With the help of his charioteer Myrtilos, Pelops devised a plan to beat Oinomaos in the chariot race. Pelops and Myrtilos secretly replaced the bronze linchpins of the King's chariot with linchpins made of wax. When Oinomaos was about to pass Pelops in the chariot race, the wax melted and Oinomaos was thrown to his death. Pelops married Hippodamia and instituted the Olympic games to celebrate his victory. A different version of the myth refers to the Olympic games as funeral games in the memory of Oinomaos.

Hercules (Herakles) myth
Another myth about the origin of the Olympic Games comes from the Tenth Olympian Ode of the poet Pindar. He tells the story of how Herakles, on his fifth labor, had to clean the stables of King Augeas of Elis. Herakles approached Augeas and promised to clean the stables for the price of one-tenth of the king's cattle. Augeas agreed, and Herakles rerouted the Kladeos and Alpheos rivers to flow through the stables. Augeas did not fulfill his promise, however, and after Herakles had finished his labors he returned to Elis and waged war on Augeas. Herakles sacked the city of Elis and instituted the Olympic Games in honor of his father, Zeus. It is said that Herakles taught men how to wrestle and measured out the stadium, or the length of the footrace.

The Importance of the Olympic Games
The Importance of Ancient Greek Athletics
The ancient Greeks were highly competitive and believed strongly in the concept of "agon", or "competition" or "contest". The ultimate Greek goal was to be the best. All aspects of life, especially athletics, were centered around this concept. It was therefore considered one of the greatest honors to win a victory at Olympia. The fact that the only prize given at Olympia was an olive wreath illustrates this point. The athletes competed for honor, not for material goods.

Athletics were of prime importance to the Greeks. The education of boys concentrated on athletics and music as well as academic subjects such as philosophy. Education took place in the gymnasion and the palaistra as well as the academy.

The Religious Aspects of the Ancient Olympic Games
In ancient Greece, games were closely connected to the worship of the gods and heroes. Games were held as part of religious ceremonies in honor of deceased heroes, a concept displayed in the funeral games for Patroklos in Book 23 of Homer's epic poem, The Iliad. Games were also held in the context of many ancient fertility festivals. The games at Olympia were connected with both the funeral games of Oinomaos, established by Pelops, and a fertility cult involving any number of gods and goddesses who were worshipped at the site. The Olympic games began to be usurped by the prominent cult of Zeus, and eventually lost much of their religious character.

The Olympic Games and the Greek Calendar
The Greek calendar was based on the conception of the four-year Olympiad. When Greek historians referred to dates, they most often referred to a year (i.e., first, second, third, fourth) within the Olympiad that the event occurred. The winner of the stadium race in a given year had the Olympiad named in honor of him. The first Olympiad is therefore known as that of Koroibos of Elis, the winner of the stadium race in 776 BC.

The Sacred Truce
The sacred truce was instituted during the month of the Olympiad. Messengers known as "spondorophoroi" carried the word of the truce and announced the date of the games all over the Greek world. The truce called for a cessation of all hostilities for a period of one month (later three months) to allow for the safe travel of athletes to and from Olympia. Armies and armed individuals were barred from entering the sanctuary. In addition, no death penalties could be carried out during the period of the truce.

The Internationalization of the Olympic Games
From the beginning, the games at Olympia served as a bond between Greeks and strengthened the Greek sense of national unity. During the Hellenistic period, Greeks who came to live in foreign surroundings such as Syria, Asia, and Egypt, strove to hold on to their culture. One of the ways to achieve this was to build athletic facilities and continue their athletic traditions. They organized competitions, and sent competitors from their towns to compete in the Panhellenic games.

In the 2nd century A.D., Roman citizenship was extended to everyone within the Roman empire. From then on, the participation of many competitors from outside of Greece in the Olympic games, gave them to a degree, international nature.

When the Greek government reinstated the games in 1896, this international character of the competitions was preserved by Baron de Coubertin. Now, 16 centuries later, the Olympic games attract competitors from countries all over the world.

Modern Olympic Games

The best amateur athletes in the world match skill and endurance in a series of contests called the Olympic Games. Almost every nation sends teams of selected athletes to take part. The purposes of the Olympic Games are to foster the ideal of a "sound mind in a sound body" and to promote friendship among nations.

The modern Olympic Games are named for athletic contests held in ancient Greece for almost 12 centuries. They were banned in AD 394 but were revived and made international in 1896. The Winter Games were added in 1924. World War I and World War II forced cancellation of the Olympics in 1916, 1940, and 1944, but they resumed in 1948 and are held every four years. After 1992 the Winter and Summer Games were no longer held within the same calendar year. Winter Games were scheduled for 1994, after only a two-year interval, and every four years thereafter. The Summer Games were scheduled for 1996, and every four years thereafter.

Summer and Winter Sports

Summer sports include archery, basketball, boxing, canoeing, cycling, equestrian events (horseback riding), fencing, field hockey, gymnastics, handball, judo, rowing, shooting, soccer, swimming, tennis, track and field, volleyball, water polo, weight lifting, wrestling, and yachting. Winter events include skating, skiing, bobsledding, luge, tobogganing, ice hockey, and the biathlon (skiing-shooting).

The most exacting track and field event is the decathlon (from the Greek words deka, meaning "ten," and athlon, "contest"). Contestants compete in ten different running, jumping, and throwing events. The athlete scoring the greatest total number of points is the winner. The pentathlon, consisting of five such events, was discontinued after 1924. It was restored in the 1948 games as the modern pentathlon, based upon five military skills--fencing, riding, running, shooting, and swimming. The marathon race, covering 26 miles 385 yards, honors the ancient Greek runner Pheidippides, who ran from Marathon to Athens to announce the Greek victory against the Persians.

Women take part in separate summer and winter events. Ten new women's summer competitions added in 1984 included the marathon and a 49-mile cycling event. The pentathlon, introduced in 1964, was replaced by the heptathlon, which consists of 100-meter hurdles, shot put, high jump, long jump, javelin throw, and 200- and 800-meter races. Additional events for women in the 1992 Winter and Summer Games included the biathlon, 10-kilometer walk, baseball, and judo.

Highlights of the Modern Games

One of the most dramatic feats of the Olympics was the triumph of the United States track and field team in 1896. Competing as unofficial representatives, the ten-man squad reached Athens barely in time to participate. They won nine out of 12 events.

In 1912 Jim Thorpe, a Native American, became the only man to win both the decathlon and pentathlon in one year. Officials canceled his record and took back his medals when they learned that he had played professional baseball. His medals were restored posthumously in 1982 (see Thorpe). In track and field, Jesse Owens, a black American, won four gold medals including a team medal in 1936 (see Owens). The first woman to win three individual gold medals was Fanny Blankers-Koen of The Netherlands. The first athletes to win the decathlon twice were Bob Mathias of the United States, in 1948 and 1952, and Daley Thompson of Great Britain, in 1980 and 1984. The first perfect 10.0 in Olympic gymnastics was scored by Nadia Comaneci of Romania, who received seven perfect scores and three gold medals in 1976.

In the 1964 Winter Games the Soviet speed skater Lidya Skoblikova was the first athlete to win four individual gold medals. Her feat was duplicated in the 1968 Summer Games by the Czech gymnast Vera Caslavska.

In 1972 the United States swimmer Mark Spitz won a record seven gold medals at a single Olympics. Swimmers John Naber of the United States and Kornelia Ender of East Germany each won four gold medals in the Summer Games in 1976.

The all-time individual medal winner was the American track athlete Ray C. Ewry, who won eight events in the 1900, 1904, and 1908 Games.

The 1972 Summer Games in Munich, West Germany, became a tragedy when Palestinian terrorists murdered 11 Olympic team members from Israel. In a protest against a New Zealand rugby tour of South Africa about 30 African nations boycotted the 1976 Summer Games in Montreal, Que. To protest the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan more than 60 countries, led by the United States, withdrew from the 1980 Summer Games in Moscow. The Soviet Union, which first participated in 1952, withdrew from the 1984 Summer Games in Los Angeles.

Scandals rocked the 1988 Summer Games in Seoul. Ten athletes were disqualified after drug tests revealed steroid abuse. Charges of bias and incompetence in the officiating at the boxing events led to two-year suspensions for five Korean boxers and officials and several other judges and referees.

The 1992 games were unusual in that there were no more Soviet teams; the Soviet Union had split up in December 1991. The teams that participated from its former republics, sometimes still wearing the old Soviet uniforms, represented either now-independent Baltic states or the Commonwealth of Independent States, which had been formed from 11 of the former Soviet republics. Nevertheless, at the Winter Games in Albertville the Commonwealth's United Team came in second, after Germany, in number of medals won.

In the 1896 Olympic Games there were fewer than 500 athletes representing 13 nations. In 1988 the Seoul games drew entries from a record total of 160 countries. While the number of athletes who competed in Los Angeles did not surpass the high of 10,000 set at Munich in 1972, the 1984 games set records for the largest total attendance--almost 5.8 million people--and the most gold medals for one country--83 for the United States.

The centennial Olympic Games opened in Atlanta, Ga., with more than 10,000 athletes from a record 197 nations in attendance. The opening ceremonies, which began 16 days of athletic competition, featured a tribute to the ancient Greek games and slain civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. Former world heavyweight boxing champion and Olympic gold medalist Muhammad Ali lit the Olympic torch, which completed a 84-day, 15,000-mile (24,000-kilometer) trek across the United States. The games featured 28 delegations that were participating for the first time, including athletes from the Czech Republic, FYROM, and Burundi, and Palestinians competing under the name Palestine. Tight security and Atlanta's hot and humid August weather were major concerns for Olympic organizers and those attending the games. In spite of security precautions, a homemade pipe bomb loaded with nails and screws exploded at a late-night concert in Centennial Olympic Park, killing one person and wounding more than 100 others. In addition, a Turkish television cameraman died of a heart attack while running to film the blast. No one claimed responsibility for the attack.

International Olympic Committee

The development and governance of the modern games are vested in the International Olympic Committee (IOC), founded in Paris in 1894. Its headquarters are in Lausanne, Switzerland. The original committee had 14 members; today there are about 70. These individuals are considered ambassadors from the committee to their national sports organizations and are dedicated to promoting amateur athletics. Normally there is only one member from each country. Presidents of the IOC are elected for an eight-year term and eligible for succeeding four-year terms.

Each country sending teams to the games must have its own National Olympic Committee. By 1988 there were 167 such committees. One responsibility of a national committee is arranging for its team's participation in the games, providing equipment, and getting the team to the game site and into specially arranged housing.

Official Olympic Anthem (Greek & English)

The Olympic Hymn (given below in Greek and English) was written by Costis Palamas, one of Greece's most famous poets, in 1893 and was set to music by Spiros Samaras in 1896. The Hymn was adopted as the Official Olympic Hymn by the International Olympic Committee in 1957.

Greek

Αρχαίο Πνεύμ' αθάνατον, αγνέ πατέρα
του ωραίου, του μεγάλου και τ' αληθινού,
κατέβα, φανερώσου κι άστραψ' εδώ πέρα
στη δόξα της δικής σου γης και τ' ουρανού.
Στο δρόμο και στο πάλεμα και στο λιθάρι,
στων ευγενών Αγώνων λάμψε την ορμή,
και με τ' αμάραντο στεφάνωσε κλωνάρι
και σιδερένιο πλάσε κι άξιο το κορμί.
Κάμποι, βουνά και πέλαγα φέγγουν μαζί σου
σαν ένας λευκοπόρφυρος μέγας ναός,
και τρέχει στο ναό εδώ προσκυνητής σου.
Αρχαίο Πνεύμ' αθάνατο, κάθε λαός.



English

Immortal spirit of antiquity,
Father of the true, beautiful and good,
Descend, appear, shed over us thy light
Upon this ground and under this sky
Which has first witnessed thy unperishable
fame.
Give life and animation to those noble games!
Throw wreaths of fadeless flowers to the victors
In the race and in strife!
Create in our breasts, hearts of steel!
Shine in a roseate hue and form a vast temple
To which all nations throng to adore thee,
Oh immortal spirit of antiquity.


Host cities of Olympic Games

Since their resumption in their modern form in 1896 in Athens, the Olympic Games took place in the following cities:

1896
1900
1904
1908
1912
1916
1920
1924
1928
1932
1936
1940
1944 Athens
Paris
Saint Louis
London
Stockholm
Cancelled (was due in Berlin)
Ambers
Paris
Amsterdam
Los Angeles
Berlin
Cancelled (was due in Tokyo)
Cancelled (was due in Helsinki)
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000 London
Helsinki
Melbourne
Rome
Tokyo
Mexico City
Munich
Montreal
Moscow
Los Angeles
Seoul
Barcelona
Atlanta
Sydney



Sydney for Olympic Games of 2000

The International Olympic Committee, meeting in Monaco, on September 23, 1993, announced that Sydney, Australia, would be the host city for the Summer Olympic Games in the year 2000. The closest contender for the site was Beijing, China. There had been much opposition to choosing Beijing, however, because of the 1989 Tienanmen Square massacre of pro-democracy demonstrators and China's current policies on human rights. Australia had previously hosted the 1956 Summer Games in Melbourne.

The opening of the 27th Olympiad took place on Friday, 15 December 2000 in the magnificent Olympic stadium of Sydney, build specially for this historic event. The stadium is some 9 miles from the centre of the city and 1 million people where on the streets of Sydney the night before.

The ceremony, which lasted nearly four hours, started with horsemen entering the stadium bearing the Olympic flags, symbolizing the arrival of horsemen in Australia in 1778. Following the national Australian National anthem, the story of Australia was portrait through scenes of sea and fish, forest fires and dances by the Aborigines, the indigenous population of Australia for 40000 years. Thy Olympic Anthem was sang in Greek by the Australian Greek Orthodox Church choir.

The climax of the ceremony was the Olympic Torch entering the stadium, relayed by veteran Australian Olympic athletes of the 20th century and handed over to the Australian athlete Cathy Freeman, who was ringed by fire after lighting the Olympic flame. The flames rose above Ms Freeman, the 400m world champion, and moved up the stand to a final resting place over the stadium.

There was temporary anxiety when the cauldron carrying the Olympic flame, after being lit, briefly stuck in front of a worldwide television audience of nearly 4 billion. The Olympic flame went on a 16,740 - mile route of Australia involving 11,000 torch bearers and passing near 80% of the population.

Facts:
1) Built at cost of more than £250m, the new stadium has a capacity of 110,000 and four Boeing 747s would fit side by side under the span of the main arches of the grandstands.
2) A translucent saddle-shaped roof floods the stadium with natural light during the day.
3) Inside the stadium there are 99 tons of lighting and power equipment connected by 2 miles of wiring. A ring road and wide entrances to move sets. Production crew of 4,600 planned the ceremony.

 

[Juliangel]

street names for cocaine

Badrock - Cocaine powder

Base - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Ball - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Bazooka - Cocaine powder

Beam - Cocaine powder

Beat - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Berni (ce) - Cocaine powder

Big C - Cocaine powder

Big flake - Cocaine powder

Biscuits - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Blast - Cocaine powder/Injected

Blizzard - Cocaine powder

Blow - Cocaine powder

Blunt - Cocaine powder

Bones - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Boost - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Bouncing powder - Cocaine powder

Boulders - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Boy - Injected cocaine

Brick - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Bump - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Bunk - Smokeable cocaine/crack

C - Cocaine powder

Cabello - Cocaine powder

Cakes - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Caine - Cocaine powder

Candy - Cocaine powder

Casper - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Caviar - Cocaine powder

Chalk - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Charlie - Cocaine powder

Chicken scratch - Cocaine powder

Coca - Cocaine powder

Cocaine blues - Cocaine powder

Cocktail - Cocaine powder

Coconut - Cocaine powder

Coke - Cocaine powder

Cola - Cocaine powder

Colombian - Cocaine powder

Cooking up - Cocaine powder

Cookies - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Crack - Smokeable cocaine/crack

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Do a line - Cocaine powder

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Everclear - Injected cocaine

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Flake - Cocaine powder

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Flash - Injected cocaine

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Nieve (Spanish) - Cocaine powder

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Sleighride - Cocaine powder

Smoke houses - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Smoking gun - Cocaine powder

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Snow - Cocaine powder/Injected

Soda - Cocaine powder

Speedball - Cocaine powder

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White lady - Cocaine powder

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[tNs]

Badrock - Cocaine powder

Base - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Ball - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Bazooka - Cocaine powder

Beam - Cocaine powder

Beat - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Berni (ce) - Cocaine powder

Big C - Cocaine powder

Big flake - Cocaine powder

Biscuits - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Blast - Cocaine powder/Injected

Blizzard - Cocaine powder

Blow - Cocaine powder

Blunt - Cocaine powder

Bones - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Boost - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Bouncing powder - Cocaine powder

Boulders - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Boy - Injected cocaine

Brick - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Bump - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Bunk - Smokeable cocaine/crack

C - Cocaine powder

Cabello - Cocaine powder

Cakes - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Caine - Cocaine powder

Candy - Cocaine powder

Casper - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Caviar - Cocaine powder

Chalk - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Charlie - Cocaine powder

Chicken scratch - Cocaine powder

Coca - Cocaine powder

Cocaine blues - Cocaine powder

Cocktail - Cocaine powder

Coconut - Cocaine powder

Coke - Cocaine powder

Cola - Cocaine powder

Colombian - Cocaine powder

Cooking up - Cocaine powder

Cookies - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Crack - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Crumbs - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Do a line - Cocaine powder

Cubes - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Damablanca - Cocaine powder

Devil Drug - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Dust - Cocaine powder

Esnortiar - Cocaine powder

Everclear - Injected cocaine

Fatbags - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Flake - Cocaine powder

Flame cooking - Freebased/cooked cocaine

Flamethrowers - Freebased/cooked cocaine

Flash - Injected cocaine

Flex - Cocaine powder

Florida snow - Cocaine powder

Foo Foo - Cocaine powder

Freebase - Freebased/cooked cocaine

Freeze - Cocaine powder

G-rock - Cocaine powder
Girl - Cocaine powder/Injected

Goofball - Cocaine powder

Gravel - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Happy dust - Cocaine powder

Happy powder - Cocaine powder

Happy trails - Cocaine powder

Hardball - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Heaven - Cocaine powder

Hell - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Kibbles n’ Bits - Smokeable cocaine/crack

King - Cocaine powder

Kryptonite - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Lady - Cocaine powder

Lady caine - Cocaine powder

Late night - Cocaine powder

Line - Cocaine powder

Love - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Mama coca - Cocaine powder

Marching dust - Cocaine powder

Marching powder - Cocaine powder

Mojo - Cocaine powder

Monster - Cocaine powder

Moonrocks - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Mujer (Spanish) - Cocaine powder

Nieve (Spanish) - Cocaine powder

Nose - Cocaine powder

Nose candy - Cocaine powder

Nuggets - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Onion - Smokeable cocaine/crack

P-dogs - Cocaine powder

Pebbles - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Peruvian - Cocaine powder

Piedras (Spanish) - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Piece - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Pimp - Cocaine powder

Powder - Cocaine powder

Press - Cocaine powder

Prime Time - Cocaine powder

Ready rock - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Roca - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Rock(s) - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Rock star - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Roxanne - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Rush - Cocaine powder/Injected

Scotty - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Scrabble - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Shot - Cocaine powder

Shootin’ Caine - Injected cocaine

Sleighride - Cocaine powder

Smoke houses - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Smoking gun - Cocaine powder

Sniff - Cocaine powder

Snort - Cocaine powder

Snow - Cocaine powder/Injected

Soda - Cocaine powder

Speedball - Cocaine powder

Sporting - Cocaine powder

Stardust - Cocaine powder

Stones - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Sugar - Cocaine powder

Sweet stuff - cocaine powder

Teeth - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Toke - Cocaine powder

Toot - Cocaine powder

Tornado - Smokeable cocaine/crack

Trails - Cocaine powder

White horse - Cocaine powder

White lady - Cocaine powder

White powder - Cocaine powder

Working bags - Cocaine powder

Yeyo - Cocaine powder

Zip - Cocaine powder/Injected

Damn...do I wanna know?

 

[tNs]

History of Grunge Music

Grunge music is generally characterized by "dirty" guitar, strong riffs, and heavy drumming. The "dirty" sound resulted both from the common use of heavy guitar distortion and feedback, and from a stylistic change in the standard method of playing punk rock. Grunge involves slower tempos and dissonant harmonies that are generally not found in punk.

The lyrics concern similar themes such as social alienation, apathy, entrapment and a desire for freedom. They are typically angst-filled — anger, frustration, ennui, fear, depression and drug addiction are often explored in grunge songs. The lyricism bears similarities to those of punk and the perceptions of Generation X. A number of factors may have influenced these lyrics. Many grunge musicians and fans displayed a general disenchantment with the state of society and discomfort with social prejudices. They were often identified as 'slackers' and drug use was widespread. Also, many grunge musicians began their careers as teenagers or young adults, when feelings of angst are common. Nonetheless, not all grunge songs dealt with such themes: Nirvana's satirical "In Bloom" is a notable example of more humorous writing. In fact, several grunge songs are filled with either a dark or fun sense of humor as well (for example, Mudhoney's "Touch Me, I'm Sick" or Tad's "Stumblin' Man"), though this often went unnoticed by the general public. Humor in grunge often satirized glam metal (for example, Soundgarden's "Big Dumb Sex") and other forms of rock music that were popular during the 1980s.[2]

Grunge evolved out of the Pacific Northwest's local punk rock scene, inspired by local punk bands such as The Fartz, The U-Men, the feedback- and distortion-intensive The Accused, and pop-punksters The Fastbacks.[3] Additionally, the slow, heavy, and sludgey sound of The Melvins was one of the biggest influences on what would become the grunge sound. The band itself are often considered grunge, although others would classify them differently. The same can be said for Portland's The Wipers, who were also highly influential in the development of grunge. Aside from its punk origins, the grunge movement had strong roots in the musical and youth culture of the American Northwest. The musical resemblance to such 1960s Northwest bands as The Wailers and The Sonics is unmistakable.

Mark Arm, the vocalist for the Seattle band Green River (and later Mudhoney), is widely credited for being the first to use the term "grunge" to describe the style. However, Arm used the term pejoratively; he called the band's style "pure grunge, pure shit". This was not seen as being negative by the media, and the term was subsequently applied to all music that sounded similar to Green River's style.[4] The word grunge itself means "dirt". It is likely that the term was seen as appropriate because of the "dirty" guitar sound that grunge is known for, and the unkempt appearance of most grunge musicians. This was in direct contradiction to the relatively polished look and sound of glam metal bands of the late 1980s.


Green River Circa 1987Formed in 1983, Green River is widely believed to have created the genre, and was a prime inspiration for many grunge bands, despite the band's relatively low level of commercial success.[5] After the band split up in 1988, members of Green River formed Mudhoney and Mother Love Bone, then - after the death of Mother Love Bone's vocalist, Andrew Wood - Pearl Jam, continuing their style. Green River, who used a harder sound in their performance than many later grunge bands, inspired other early grunge bands such as Soundgarden and Alice in Chains to use a similarly hard style. However, shortly before its mainstream success in 1991, the grunge sound began to include an alternative and hard rock influence. This is most often credited to the styles of Nirvana and Pearl Jam. Nirvana began to combine the sound of earlier grunge bands with that of the Pixies. Nirvana's use of the Pixies' "soft verse, hard chorus" popularized this stylistic approach in both grunge and other alternative rock genres. Pearl Jam, since their formation in 1990, used a style that was noticeably less heavy than most grunge bands. As such, the band are often classed as hard rock in addition to grunge.

Grunge's unique sound is often said to have resulted from Seattle's isolation from other alternative rock scenes.[6] However, outside of the Pacific Northwest, other musicians are said to have influenced grunge. Such Northeastern bands as Sonic Youth and Dinosaur Jr. are considered important influences on the grunge sound and both groups championed many Seattle grunge bands. The influence of the Pixies on Nirvana — and through them on other bands — is also unquestionable. The Minnesota hardcore punk/alternative rock band Hüsker Dü and the Wisconsin alternative/noise rock band Killdozer are also believed by some to have been major influences. After Neil Young played live a few times with Pearl Jam and recorded the album Mirror Ball with them, some members of the media gave Young the questionable title "Godfather of Grunge," a claim grounded mainly on his work with his band Crazy Horse, and his regular use of distorted guitar, most notably in the song "Hey Hey My My" from the album Rust Never Sleeps. Australia's The Scientists and Detroit's proto-punk luminaries the Stooges and MC5 are also noted influences.

Mudhoney's Steve Turner says that Black Flag's 1984 record My War and its supporting tours were major influences on many Seattle grunge bands. The record found the Los Angeles punk rock stalwarts slowing their tempo considerably and injecting a potent dose of heavy metal, though to considerable derision and disgust from some fans. Turner says that "A lot of other people around the country hated the fact that Black Flag slowed down ... but up here it was really great — we were like 'Yay!' They were weird and fucked-up sounding."[7] While elements of heavy metal made their way into the grunge sound,[8] the genre continued to remain loyal to its punk roots. The mentality of the musicians was still deeply rooted in the punk scene, with many bands adhering to the DIY ethic. The hardcore punk band Bad Brains was also a huge influence on grunge. Dave Grohl of Nirvana said, "Seeing Bad Brains live was, without a doubt, always one of the most intense, powerful experiences you could ever have... They made me absolutely determined to become a musician, they basically changed my life, and changed the lives of everyone who saw them." Fellow Nirvana bandmate and bassist Krist Novoselic said that an early version of their single "In Bloom" "sounded like a Bad Brains song."[9] Bad Brains' albums such as I Against I and Quickness helped pioneer the combination of hardcore punk and heavy metal into a single sound.

Grunge concerts were known for being straightforward, high-energy performances. Grunge bands avoided the complex, high budget presentations that bands from other musical genres such as heavy metal were known for; complex light arrays, pyrotechnics, and other visual effects unrelated to playing the music were not part of the concerts. Stage acting was also generally avoided. Instead, the bands presented themselves no differently from any local band, using only their instruments and their own presence as visual "effects" (neither being budgeted higher than what was needed). However the concerts did have some level of interactivity. Fans and musicians alike would participate in stage diving, crowd surfing, headbanging, and pogoing, though the audiences at grunge concerts were best known for their extremely enthusiastic moshing. The mosh pits would be located close to the stage, allowing such interaction between the audience and the band.


[edit] Early development

Nirvana, early in their careerPrior to its popularity, grunge was listened to mostly by those who played the music. Bands would play at clubs with very few people in attendance, most of whom were from other performing bands. Others who listened to the music in those early days were often people who were "just trying to get out of the rain" as many attendants would claim. As bands began to issue albums, independent labels became the key catalysts in bringing the music to the local public. Many of the more successful bands of the era were associated with Seattle's Sub Pop record label. Other record labels in the Pacific Northwest that helped promote grunge included EMpTy Records, Estrus Records, C/Z Records, and PopLlama Records.[10][3]

A seminal release in the development of grunge was 1986's Deep Six compilation, released by C/Z Records (later reissued on A&M). The record featured multiple tracks by six bands: Soundgarden, the Melvins, Green River, Malfunkshun, Skin Yard, and the U-Men; for many of them it was their first appearance on record. The artists had "a mostly heavy, aggressive sound that melded the slower tempos of heavy metal with the intensity of hardcore".[7] As Sub Pop producer Jack Endino recalled, "People just said, 'Well, what kind of music is this? This isn't metal, it's not punk, What is it? '[. . .] People went 'Eureka! These bands all have something in common.'" Later in '86 Bruce Pavitt released the Sub Pop 100 compilation as well as Green River's Dry As A Bone EP as part of his new label Sub Pop. An early Sub Pop catalog described the Green River EP as "ultra-loose GRUNGE that destroyed the morals of a generation".[11]

In November 1988, Sub Pop took their initial step towards popularizing grunge with the Sub Pop Singles Club, a subscription service that would allow subscribers to receive singles by local bands on a monthly basis by mail. This increased grunge's following locally, and allowed Sub Pop to become a powerful company in the local scene. According to Sub Pop founders Bruce Pavitt and Jonathan Poneman, grunge's popularity began to flourish after journalist Everett True from the British magazine Melody Maker was asked by them to write an article on the local music scene. This helped to make grunge known outside of the local area during the late 1980s, giving the genre its first major spurt of popularity.[12] Mudhoney is often credited as having been the biggest commercial success for grunge during this time, and was the most successful grunge band until the end of the 80s.[13] Still, grunge would not become a huge national phenomenon in the US until the 1990s.

The first music video to call attention to grunge was Soundgarden's "Flower", which was directed by Mark Miremont and aired several times on MTV's 120 Minutes. A little over two years later, the video for Nirvana's "Smells like Teen Spirit", directed by Samuel Bayer, would introduce grunge to the mainstream.


[edit] Mainstream success

Nirvana's Nevermind album coverNirvana is generally credited for breaking the genre into the popular consciousness in 1991. The popularity of Nirvana's song "Smells Like Teen Spirit", from the album Nevermind, surprised the entire music industry. The album became a #1 hit around much of the world, and paved the way for more bands, including, most popularly, Pearl Jam. Pearl Jam, in fact, had released their debut album Ten a month earlier in August 1991, but album sales only picked up after the success of Nirvana. For many audiences then and later, grunge came to be almost totally associated with these two bands and their punky, rebellious attitude towards mainstream mores as well as cultural and social institutions. By 1993, other popular Seattle-based bands (most notably Alice in Chains and Soundgarden) would also become extremely successful. Some bands from other regions, such as Stone Temple Pilots from San Diego, Australia's Silverchair, and Great Britain's Bush also became popular by the mid-90s.[14]

Most grunge fans and music critics believe that grunge emerged as a popular genre and was embraced by mainstream audiences in reaction to the declining popularity of glam metal. Glam metal bands, such as Mötley Crüe, Poison, and Warrant, had been dominating the charts during the 1980s (especially in the United States) despite being looked down upon by most critics. Glam metal was known for macho (some critics have said misogynist) lyrics, anthemic riffs, and a perceived lack of social consciousness, especially in the race to attract mainstream audiences. These aspects were popular during the 1980s, but they began to have the opposite effect on audiences towards the end of the decade. Grunge, however, sharply contrasted glam metal; its lyrics avoided machismo and used a simpler style similar to punk. With a viable alternative to hair metal realized by the public, the popularity of glam metal began to die off as the popularity of grunge began to rise.

Grunge fans in the Pacific Northwest believed that the media gave excessive importance to the clothing worn by grunge musicians and fans, along with other aspects of the local culture. Clothing commonly worn by grunge fans in the Northwest in its early years was a blend of the punk aesthetic with the typical outdoorsy clothing (most notably flannel shirts) of the region. The "fashion" did not evolve out of a conscious attempt to create an appealing fashion, but due to the inexpensiveness of such clothes and the warmth that they provided for the cold climate of the region. The media, rather than focusing on the music, would give this fashion a heavy amount of exposure. In the early 1990s, the fashion industry marketed "grunge fashion" to a widespread audience, charging relatively high prices for clothing that they assumed to be popular in the grunge scene. Similarly, the media would view grunge as a whole culture, assuming it to be Generation X's attempt to create a culture similar to the hippie counterculture of the previous generation. Rather than focus on the music, much of the media focused on other superficial aspects of the musicians and fans. An interesting case of this superficiality backfiring on the media was the grunge speak hoax, which caused The New York Times to print a fake list of slang terms that supposedly were used in the grunge scene. This was later proven to be a prank by Sub Pop's Megan Jasper. The excesses of this media hype would also be documented in the 1996 documentary Hype!.[3]


Pearl Jam's Eddie Vedder on the cover of the October 25, 1993 issue of Time magazine, as part of the feature article discussing the rising popularity of grungeWhile such superficiality bothered Seattle-area grunge fans, most grunge musicians from the area continued to dress in the way that they had prior to popularity. Some musicians from outside the region also began to dress similarly. In the rock world, expensive, designer clothing was shunned in favor of less elaborate clothing; some common items worn included flannel, jeans, boots (often Doc Martens), and Converse sneakers. Many young fans outside of the region embraced this style for its simple defiance of the norms of the era's popular culture, which was seen by many of them as corporate-dominated and superficial. In England, youth who dressed in this fashion were sometimes called grungers, while the term grungies was often used in the United States. Traditional rock and roll ostentatiousness became offensive to many rock music fans, inspiring an anti-fashion trend. Oddly, this attitude helped the fashion industry push their "grunge fashion" line, turning the fans' defiance to fashion against them. As a result, many grunge fans dropped the "traditional" grunge fashion soon after having embraced it; the industry stopped marketing it shortly afterwards.

Many notable events happened during the "grunge era" of music that may not have happened had grunge never become popular. Alternative rock, previously heard mostly in local clubs, on college radio, and on independent record labels, became popular in the mainstream as major record labels sought out more previously obscure music styles to sell to the public. The traveling festival Lollapalooza came about as a result of this, with grunge being a major part of the 1992 and 1993 events. In the media's spotlight, grunge became part of the pop culture, most notably being a major part of the 1992 film Singles, which featured several grunge bands. Nirvana and Sonic Youth would star in a documentary film that same year, 1991: The Year Punk Broke. Riot grrrl, another hardcore punk offshoot that came into being in Western Washington (and was thus often seen as the feminine equivalent of grunge), became well known from the media coverage of the local scene. With such punk derivative genres becoming popular, punk itself was able to make a revival, as bands such as Green Day and The Offspring became chart-topping successes. Independent record labels, which used to rarely have success on level with major labels, were able to sell albums with equal or similar success as the major labels (most notably in the cases of Sub Pop and Epitaph Records).


[edit] Decline of mainstream popularity
The mass popularity of grunge music was short-lived, however. There were several important factors that contributed to this. Though some of them could have single-handedly ended the genre's mainstream popularity, it is generally believed that more than one factor caused the decline.

Most fans and music historians believe that many grunge bands were too opposed to mainstream stardom to actually achieve long-lasting support from major record labels. Many grunge bands refused to cooperate with major record labels in making radio-friendly hooks, and the labels found new bands that were willing to do so, albeit with a watered-down sound that did not sit well with the genre's long-time fans. A decline in music sales in general in 1996 may also have influenced labels to look for different genres to promote rather than genres such as grunge that were popular up to that point. However, this decline may have been a result of the industry's use of such watered-down groups.

Another factor that may have led to the fall of grunge's mainstream popularity was the advent of the sub-genre of grunge known as post-grunge. Post-grunge was a radio-friendly variation of grunge which lacked the "dirty" sound that most fans of grunge were used to. The sub-genre is generally believed to have come about at the behest of label executives who wanted to sell a variation of grunge that would sell to a larger audience as a result of sounding more like pop music. In the mid-1990s, record labels began signing several bands that used such a sound and gave them wide exposure. While some of these bands, such as Silverchair and Bush, were able to gain widespread success, many fans of grunge denounced post-grunge bands as being sell-outs. This is most notable in the cases of Candlebox and Collective Soul, who were reviled by most grunge fans. Even the commercially successful post-grunge bands would be given such accusations by grunge fans, causing most of them to have shorter spurts of popularity than earlier grunge bands.

Heroin use amongst grunge musicians was also a serious problem for the continuation of some grunge bands. Andrew Wood's death from an overdose in 1990 was the first major tragedy for the grunge scene, bringing an end to Mother Love Bone. Kurt Cobain's use of heroin is believed to have contributed to his death in 1994 (though whether or not it did was never confirmed).[3] Also, the deaths of Kristen Pfaff of Hole and Layne Staley of Alice in Chains in 1994 and 2002, respectively, were caused by heroin overdoses. It is believed by many that grunge effectively began its decline when Cobain died in April of 1994. Interestingly, Cobain had often been photographed wearing t-shirts stating that "Grunge is Dead."


Soundgarden Circa 1991The year of 1996 proved to be the last year in which grunge musicians were considerably active. During this year, many "lasts" had occurred. Pearl Jam released their last album that topped the charts, No Code. Alice in Chains gave their final performances with their ailing estranged lead singer, Layne Staley. Soundgarden and The Screaming Trees released their final studio albums, Down on the Upside and Dust, respectively. And Nirvana released the live album From the Muddy Banks of the Wishkah, the only new release from the band until the greatest hits album Nirvana in 2002.

For many fans of the genre, it wasn't until the pioneering band Soundgarden disbanded in 1997 that they finally conceded grunge's time in the mainstream was over. Over the next few years grunge's mainstream popularity quickly came to an end. Many grunge bands have continued recording and touring with more limited success, including, most significantly, Pearl Jam. Grunge music still has its followers, and many of them still express their fandom over the Internet. Grunge's mainstream following still shows some continuation in the popularity of Nirvana's post-break-up releases; the previously unreleased song "You Know You're Right" became a chart topping hit in 2002, and the box set With the Lights Out has become the best selling box set of all time.

 

[Juliangel]

Damn...do I wanna know?

I googled it

 

[tNs]

I googled it

PHEW!!!

 

[tNs]

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Chiang Rai

Chicago - Midway

Chicago - O'Hare

Christchurch International

Cincinnati

Cochin

Cologne/Bonn

Colorado Springs

Columbus

Copenhagen

Cork



D
Dallas - Fort Worth

Darwin Airport

Davao

Dayton

Daytona Beach

Delhi

Denpasar Bali

Denver

Derry Airport

Des Moines

Detroit Metro Airport

Doha

Dortmund

Dresden Airport

Dubai

Dublin Airport

Dubrovnik

Dusseldorf

Durban







E
East Midlands

Edinburgh

Edmonton

El Paso

Exeter Airport



F
Florence

Fiji

Ford Airport

Fort Lauderdale

Fort Meyers

Fort Wayne

Fort Worth

Frankfurt

Fresno



G
Geneva

Glasgow

Gran Canaria

Grand Forks

Greater Rochester Int'l Airport

Greensboro Piedmont







H
Hahn

Halifax

Hamburg

Hanover

Harare

Hartford/Springfield

Hat Yai

Hawaii

Helsinki Vantaa

Hong Kong

Honolulu

Houston

Humberside



I
Incheon

Indianapolis

Innsbruck

Istanbul

Istanbul Sabiha Gokcen International



J
Jackson, MS

Jacksonville

Jakarta

Jefferson City

Johannesburg







K
Kansas City

Kansai

Kaohsiung

Karachi

Kiel Airport

Keflavík

Kiev

Kosice

Kuala Lumpur

Kuwait



L
Lahore

Las Vegas

Leeds/Bradford

Lexington

Liege

Lille

Lima

Little Rock

Lisbon

Liverpool

Ljubljana Brnik

London City

London - Gatwick

London - Heathrow

London - Luton

Long Beach

Los Angeles

Louisville

Luxembourg

Lyon







M
Maastricht

Macau

Madras

Madrid

Malta

Manila

Manchester

Manchester NH

Mauritius

Melbourne

Memphis

Mesa

Miami

Milan - Linate Airport

Milan - Orio al Serio

Milan - Malpensa

Minneapolis-St. Paul

Moscow Domodedovo

Monterey

Montpellier

Montréal

Mumbai

Munich

Munster

Myrtle Beach







N
Nagoya

Nashville

New Orleans

New York - JFK

New York - La Guardia

New York - Newark

Niagara Falls

Nice

Nuremberg



O
Oakland

Oklahoma

Orange County

Orlando

Osaka

Oslo

Ostend

Ottawa







P
Palm Beach

Palm Springs

Paris - Charles de Gaulle

Paris - Orly

Pensacola

Perth

Philadelphia

Phoenix

Phuket

Pittsburgh

Port Columbus

Port Elizabeth

Portland

Prague

Princeton

Providence



R
Raleigh Durham

Reno

Rio De Janeiro

Rome - Ciampino

Rome - Fiumicino

Rotterdam







S
Saarbrucken

Sacramento

Salt Lake City

Salzburg Airport

San Antonio

San Diego

San Francisco

San Jose

Santiago, Chile

Sao Paulo

Sapporo

Sarajevo

Sarasota

Saskatoon

Savannah

Seattle

Seoul - Kimpo

Shanghai

Shannon

Shenzhen

Singapore

Skavsta

Skopje

Sofia

Southampton

Split

St Thomas Virgin Islands

St Johns

St. Louis

Stansted

Stockholm Arlanda

Stuttgart Airport

Sydney



T
Tampa

Taipei

Taupo

Tel Aviv

Thunder Bay

Tokyo - Haneda

Tokyo - Narita

Toronto

Trieste

Tucson

Turin



U






V
Vancouver

Venice Airport

Victoria

Vienna Airport

Vilnius Airport



W
Washington

Weeze

Wellington

Wichita

Winnipeg



X
Xiamen



Z
Zagreb

Zurich Airport

 

[pretty_green_eyes]

Tracks on the new Guns and Roses album

(no release date given)

Confirmed for Chinese Democracy

Title Source / Year Demo Played Live
"Better" Axl Rose / 2006 Yes Yes
"Catcher in the Rye" Richard Fortus / 2006 Yes No
"Chinese Democracy" Axl Rose / 1999 No Yes
"I.R.S." Axl Rose / 2006 Yes Yes
"If the World" Set List Picture / 2006 No No
"Madagascar" Press Release / 2006 No Yes
"Prostitute" Set List Picture / 2006 No No
"Sorry" Sebastian Bach / 2006 No No
"The Blues" Axl Rose / 2006 No Yes
"There Was a Time (T.W.A.T.)" Axl Rose / 2006 Yes Yes

 

[tNs]

How To Fly A Kite

STEP 1: Check your local weather report to determine if conditions are favorable for kite flying. Look for light to moderate winds if you're a beginning kite flier or gustier winds if you are more experienced. A wind speed of 5 to 15 mph is best for kite flying. STEP 2: Find a large and windy open area free of trees and power lines - two things that are notoriously dangerous for kites and their owners. STEP 3: Hold the kite in both hands and toss it lightly into the wind until the wind catches it. This works well when the wind is moderately strong. STEP 4: Alternatively, let out a small length of kite string and, holding the string in your hand, run with the kite behind you until the wind lifts it. STEP 5: Begin letting out string until the kite reaches a height with which you are comfortable. Good heights generally range from 50 to 100 feet. STEP 6: Keep an eye on your kite, as it may come crashing down because of sudden changes in wind. If it dips, run or pull in the string a bit to give it some lift. STEP 7: Bring the kite down by slowly winding the kite string around a kite spool. STEP 8: Reach out and grab the kite before it hits the ground to avoid damaging it. Tips & Warnings
Tighten the string around a spool and secure the spool to the ground if you want to tend to other activities.
Tie additional ribbon or strips of cloth to the tail to increase the stability of diamond kites in gusty winds.
Stay away from electrical lines! If a kite becomes entangled, leave it there. And never fly your kite during a thunderstorm. - Too funny!!!

 

[tNs]

Fish

A
African glass catfish
African lungfish
aholehole
airbreathing catfish
airsac catfish
Alaska blackfish
albacore
alewife
alfonsino
algae eater
alligatorfish
Amago
American sole
Amur pike
anchovy
anemonefish
angelfish
angel shark
anglemouth
angler
angler catfish
anglerfish
Antarctic cod
Antarctic dragonfish
Antarctic icefish
antenna codlet
arapaima
archerfish
Arctic char
armored catfish
armored gurnard
armored searobin
armorhead
armorhead catfish
arowana
arrowtooth eel
aruana
Asian carp
Asiatic glassfish
Atka mackerel
Atlantic cod
Atlantic eel
Atlantic herring
Atlantic salmon
Atlantic saury
Atlantic silverside
Atlantic trout
Australasian salmon
Australian grayling
Australian herring
Australian lungfish
Australian prowfish
Ayu

B
Baikal oilfish
Bala shark
bambooshark
bandfish
bango
bangu
banjo catfish
barb
barbel
barbeled dragonfish
barbeled houndshark
barbelless catfish
barfish
barracuda
barracudina
barramundi
barred danio
barreleye
basking shark
bass
basslet
batfish
bat ray
beachsalmon
beaked salmon
beaked sandfish
beardfish
beluga sturgeon
bengal danio
bent-tooth
betta
bichir
bigeye
bigeye squaretail
bighead carp
bigscale
bigscale fish
bigscale pomfret
billfish
bitterling
black angelfish
black bass
black dragonfish
blackchin
blackfish
blacktip reef shark
black mackerel
black pickerel
black prickleback
black scalyfin
black sea bass
blacksmelt
black swallower
black tetra
black triggerfish
bleak
blenny
blind goby
blind shark
blue catfish
blue danio
blue-redstripe danio
blue eye
bluefin tuna
bluefish
bluegill
blue gourami
blue shark
blue triggerfish
blue whiting
bluntnose knifefish
bluntnose minnow
boafish
boarfish
bobtail snipe eel
bocaccio
boga
Bombay duck
bonefish
bonito
bonnetmouth
bonytail chub
bonytongue
bottlenose
bowfin
boxfish
bramble shark
bream
bristlemouth
bristlenose catfish
broadband dogfish
brook lamprey
brook trout
brotula
brown trout
buffalofish
bullhead
bullhead shark
bull shark
bull trout
burbot
buri
burma danio
burrowing goby
butterfish
butterfly ray
butterflyfish

C
California flyingfish
California halibut
California smoothtongue
canary rockfish
candiru
candlefish
capelin
cardinalfish
carp
carpetshark
carpsucker
catalufa
catfish
catla
cat shark
cavefish
Celebes rainbowfish
central mudminnow
cepalin
chain pickerel
channel bass
channel catfish
char
cherry salmon
chimaera
chinook salmon
Cherubfish
chub
chubsucker
chum salmon
cichlid
cisco
climbing catfish
climbing gourami
climbing perch
clingfish
clownfish
clown loach
clown triggerfish
cobbler
cobia
cod
cod icefish
codlet
codling
coelacanth
coffinfish
coho salmon
collared carpetshark
collared dogfish
Colorado squawfish
combfish
combtail gourami
combtooth blenny
common carp
common tunny
conger eel
convict blenny
cookie-cutter shark
coolie loach
cornetfish
cowfish
cownose ray
cow shark
crappie
creek chub
crestfish
crevice kelpfish
croaker
crocodile icefish
crocodile shark
crucian carp
cuchia
cusk-eel
cuskfish
cutlassfish
cutthroat eel
cutthroat trout

D
dab
dace
daggertooth
daggertooth pike conger
damselfish
danio
darter
dartfish
dealfish
Death Valley pupfish
deep sea anglerfish
deep sea bonefish
deep sea eel
deep sea smelt
deepwater cardinalfish
deepwater flathead
deepwater stingray
delta smelt
demoiselle
denticle herring
desert pupfish
Devario
devil ray
discus
diver
dogfish
dogfish shark
dogteeth tetra
dojo loach
Dolly Varden trout
dorab
dorado
dory
dottyback
dragonet
dragonfish
dragon goby
driftfish
driftwood catfish
drum (fish)
duckbill
duckbilled barracudina
duckbill eel
dwarf gourami
dwarf loach

E
eagle ray
earthworm eel
eel
eelblenny
eel cod
eel-goby
eelpout
eeltail catfish
elasmobranch
electric catfish
electric eel
electric knifefish
electric ray
electric stargazer
elephantfish
elephantnose fish
elver
emperor
emperor angelfish
emperor bream
escolar
eucla cod
eulachon
European eel
European flounder
European minnow

F
false brotula
false cat shark
false moray
false trevally
fangtooth
fathead sculpin
featherback
featherfin knifefish
fierasfer
filefish
finback cat shark
fingerfish
fire bar danio
firefish
flabby whalefish
flagblenny
flagfin
flagfish
flagtail
flashlight fish
flatfish
flathead
flathead catfish
flat loach
flounder
flying characin
flying gurnard
flyingfish
footballfish
forehead brooder
four-eyed fish
freshwater eel
freshwater flyingfish
freshwater hatchetfish
freshwater herring
freshwater shark
frigate mackerel
frilled shark
frogfish
frogmouth catfish
fusilier

G
galjoen fish
Ganges shark
gar
garden eel
garibaldi
garpike
ghost flathead
ghost knifefish
ghost pipefish
ghoul
giant danio
giant gourami
giant sea bass
giant wels
gianttail
gibberfish
Gila trout
gizzard shad
glass catfish
glassfish
glass knifefish
glowlight danio
goatfish
goblin shark
goby
golden dojo
golden loach
golden trout
goldeye
goldfish
goldspotted killifish
gombessa
goosefish
gopher rockfish
gouramie
grass carp
graveldiver
gray eel-catfish
grayling
gray mullet
gray reef shark
great white shark
green swordtail
greeneye
greenling
grenadier
grideye
ground shark
grouper
grunion
grunt
grunter
grunt sculpin
gudgeon
guitarfish
gulf menhaden
gulper eel
gulper
gunnel
guppy
gurnard

H
haddock
hagfish
hairtail
hairyfish
hake
half-gill
halfbeak
halfmoon
halibut
halosaur
hamlet
hammerhead shark
Hammerjaw
handfish
hardhead catfish
harelip sucker
hatchetfish
hawkfish
herring
herring smelt
hillstream loach
hog sucker
horn shark
horsefish
houndshark
huchen
humuhumu-nukunuku-apua‘a

I
icefish
ide
ilisha
inanga
inconnu
Indian mullet
iniom

J
jack
jackfish
Jack Dempsey
Japanese eel
jawfish
jellynose fish
jewelfish
jewel tetra
jewfish
john dory

K
Kafue pike
kahawai
kaluga
kanyu
kelp perch
kelpfish
killifish
king of herring
king-of-the-salmon
kissing gourami
knifefish
knifejaw
koi
kokanee
kokopu
kuhli loach

L
labyrinth fish
ladyfish
lagena
lake trout
lake whitefish
lampfish
lamprey
lancetfish
lanternfish
large-eye bream
largemouth bass
largenose fish
leaffish
leatherjacket
lefteye flounder
lemon shark
lenok
leopard danio
lightfish
lighthousefish
limia
ling
ling cod
lionfish
livebearer
lizardfish
loach
loach catfish
loach goby
loach minnow
longfin
longfin dragonfish
longfin escolar
long-finned char
long-finned pike
longjaw mudsucker
longneck eel
longnose chimaera
longnose dace
longnose lancetfish
longnose sucker
longnose whiptail catfish
long-whiskered catfish
lookdown catfish
loosejaw
Lost River sucker
louvar
loweye catfish
luminous hake
lumpsucker
lungfish
lyretail

M
mackerel
mackerel shark
madtom
mahi-mahi
mahseer
mail-cheeked fish
mako shark
manefish
man-of-war fish
Manta Ray
marblefish
marine hatchetfish
marlin
masu salmon
medaka
medusafish
megamouth shark
menhaden
merluccid hake
Mexican blind cavefish
Mexican golden trout
midshipman
milkfish
minnow
Modoc sucker
mojarra
mola
molly
monkeyface prickleback
monkfish
mooneye
moonfish
Moorish idol
mora
moray eel
morid cod
morwong
Moses sole
mosquitofish
mosshead warbonnet
mouthbrooder
Mozambique tilapia
mrigal
mudfish
mudminnow
mudskipper
mudsucker
mullet
mummichog
murray cod
muskellunge
mustache triggerfish
mustard eel

N
naked-back knifefish
nase
needlefish
neon tetra
New World rivuline
New Zealand smelt
nibbler
noodlefish
North American darter
North American freshwater catfish
northern anchovy
northern clingfish
northern lampfish
northern pearleye
northern pike
northern sea robin
northern squawfish
northern Stargazer
Norwegian Atlantic salmon
nurseryfish
nurse shark

O
oarfish
ocean perch
ocean sunfish
oceanic flyingfish
oceanic whitetip shark
oilfish
oldwife
Old World knifefish
Old World rivuline
olive flounder
opah
opaleye
orange roughy
orangespine unicorn fish
orangestriped triggerfish
orbicular batfish
orbicular velvetfish
Oregon chub
oreo
Oriental loach
Owens pupfish

P
Pacific albacore
Pacific argentine
Pacific cod
Pacific hake
Pacific herring
Pacific lamprey
Pacific salmon
Pacific saury
Pacific trout
Pacific viperfish
pacus
paddlefish
paperbone
paradise fish
parasitic catfish
parrotfish
peacock flounder
peamouth
pearleye
pearlfish
pearl danio
pearl perch
pejerrey
peladillo
pelagic cod
pelican eel
pelican gulper
pencil catfish
pencilfish
pencilsmelt
perch
Peter's elephantnose fish
pickerel
pigfish
pike characid
pike conger
pike eel
pike
pikeblenny
pikehead
pikeperch
pilchard
pilot fish
pineconefish
pink salmon
píntano
pipefish
piranha
pirarucu
pirate perch
plaice
platy
platyfish
pleco
plownose chimaera
plunderfish
poacher
pollock
pomfret
pompano
pompano dolphinfish
ponyfish
poolfish
popeye catafula
porbeagle shark
porcupinefish
porgy
Port Jackson shark
powen
priapumfish
prickleback
pricklefish
prickly shark
prowfish
pufferfish
pumpkinseed
pupfish
pygmy sunfish

Q
queen danio
queen parrotfish
quillback
quillfish

R
rabbitfish
raccoon butterfly fish
ragfish
rainbow trout
rainbowfish
rasbora
ratfish
rattail
ray
razorback sucker
razorfish
red snapper
redfish
redhorse sucker
redmouth whalefish
redside
redtooth triggerfish
red velvetfish
red whalefish
reedfish
reef triggerfish
regal whiptail catfish
remora
requiem shark
ribbon eel
ribbon sawtail fish
ribbonbearer
ribbonfish
rice eel
ricefish
ridgehead
riffle dace
righteye flounder
Rio Grande perch
river loach
river shark
river stingray
rivuline
roach
rock bass
rock beauty
rock cod
rocket danio
rockfish
rockling
rockweed gunnel
rohu
ronquil
roosterfish
ropefish
rough pomfret
rough scad
rough sculpin
roughy
roundhead
round herring
round stingray
round whitefish
rudd
rudderfish
ruffe
Russian sturgeon

S
sabalo
sabertooth
saber-toothed blenny
sabertooth fish
sablefish
sailback scorpionfish
sailbearer
sailfin silverside
sailfish
salamanderfish
salmon
salmon shark
sandbar shark
sandburrower
sand dab
sanddiver
sand eel
sandfish
sand goby
sand knifefish
sand lance
sandperch
sandroller
sand stargazer
sand tiger
sand tilefish
sarcastic fringehead
sardine
sargassumfish
sauger
saury
sawfish
saw shark
sawtooth eel
scabbard fish
scaleless black dragonfish
scaly dragonfish
scat
scissor-tail rasbora
scorpionfish
sculpin
scup
scythe butterfish
sea bass
sea catfish
sea chub
seadevil
seadragon
seahorse
sea lamprey
seamoth
sea raven
searobin
sea snail
sea toad
Sevan trout
seatrout
sergeant major
shad
shark
sharksucker
sharpnose pufferfish
sheatfish
sheepshead
sheepshead minnow
shell-ear
shiner
shortnose chimaera
shortnose greeneye
shortnose sucker
shovelnose sturgeon
shrimpfish
Siamese fighting fish
sillago
silver carp
silver dollar
silver driftfish
silver hake
silverside
sind danio
sixgill ray
sixgill shark
skate
skilfish
skipjack tuna
skipping goby
slender barracudina
slender mola
slender snipe eel
sleeper
sleeper shark
slickhead
slimehead
slimy mackerel
slimy sculpin
slipmouth
small-eye squaretail
smalltooth sawfish
smelt
smelt-whiting
smooth dogfish
smoothtongue
snailfish
snake eel
snakehead
snake mackerel
snake mudhead
snapper
snipe eel
snipefish
snoek
snook
snubnose eel
snubnose parasitic eel
soapfish
sockeye salmon
soldierfish
sole
South American darter
South American Lungfish
southern Dolly Varden
southern flounder
southern grayling
southern hake
southern sandfish
southern smelt
spadefish
spaghetti eel
Spanish mackerel
spearfish
speckled trout
spiderfish
spikefish
spinefoot
spiny-back
spiny basslet
spiny dogfish
spiny dwarf catfish
spiny eel
spinyfin
splitfin
spookfish
spotted danio
spotted dogfish
sprat
springfish
squarehead catfish
squaretail
squawfish
squeaker
squirrelfish
staghorn sculpin
stargazer
starry flounder
steelhead
stickleback
stingfish
stingray
stonecat
stonefish
stoneroller minnow
straptail
stream catfish
streamer fish
striped bass
striped burrfish
sturgeon
sucker
suckermouth armored catfish
summer flounder
Sundaland noodlefish
sunfish
surf sardine
surfperch
surgeonfish
swallower
swamp-eel
swampfish
sweeper
swordfish
swordtail

T
tadpole cod
tadpole fish
tailor
taimen
tang
tapetail
tarpon
telescopefish
temperate bass
temperate ocean-bass
temperate perch
tench
tenpounder
tenuis
tetra
thorny catfish
thornfish
thornyhead
threadfin
threadfin bream
threadsail
threadtail
three spot gourami
threespine stickleback
three-toothed puffer
thresher shark
tidewater goby
tiger barb
tigerperch
tiger shark
tiger shovelnose catfish
tilapia
tilefish
titan triggerfish
toadfish
tommy rough
tonguefish
tope
topminnow
torpedo
torrent catfish
torrent fish
trahira
treefish
trevally
triggerfish
triplefin blenny
triplespine
tripletail
tripod fish
trout
trout cod
trout-perch
trumpeter
trumpetfish
trunkfish
tubeblenny
tube-eye
tube-snout
tubeshoulder
tui chub
tuna
turbot
turkeyfish

U
unicornfish
upside-down catfish

V
velvet-belly shark
velvet catfish
velvetfish
vendace
vimba
viperfish

W
wahoo
walking catfish
wallago
walleye
walleye pollock
walu
warbonnet
warty angler
waryfish
wasp fish
weasel shark
weatherfish
weever
weeverfish
wels catfish
whale catfish
whalefish
whale shark
whiff
whiptail gulper
whitebait
white croaker
whitefish
white marlin
white shark
whitetip reef shark
whiting
wobbegong
wolf-eel
wolffish
wolf-herring
woody sculpin
worm eel
wormfish
wrasse
wrymouth

Y
yellowmargin triggerfish
yellow perch
yellowfin tuna

Z
zander
zebra danio
zebrafish
zebra shark
ziege
zingel

 

[pretty_green_eyes]

 

[Juliangel]

Lyrics and mp3's to songs from Sesame Street

http://members.tripod.com/tiny_dancer/index2.html

 

[tNs]

Stanley Cup Winners

2005-06 - Carolina Hurricanes

2003-04 - Tampa Bay Lightning

2002-03 - New Jersey Devils

2001-02 - Detroit Red Wings

2000-01 - Colorado Avalanche

1999-2000 - New Jersey Devils

1998-99 - Dallas Stars

1997-98 - Detroit Red Wings

1996-97 - Detroit Red Wings

1995-96 - Colorado Avalanche

1994-95 - New Jersey Devils

1993-94 - New York Rangers

1992-93 - Montreal Canadiens

1991-92 - Pittsburgh Penguins

1990-91 - Pittsburgh Penguins

1989-90 - Edmonton Oilers

1988-89 - Calgary Flames

1987-88 - Edmonton Oilers

1986-87 - Edmonton Oilers

1985-86 - Montreal Canadiens

1984-85 - Edmonton Oilers

1983-84 - Edmonton Oilers

1982-83 - New York Islanders

1981-82 - New York Islanders

1980-81 - New York Islanders

1979-80 - New York Islanders

1978-79 - Montreal Canadiens

1977-78 - Montreal Canadiens

1976-77 - Montreal Canadiens

1975-76 - Montreal Canadiens

1974-75 - Philadelphia Flyers

1973-74 - Philadelphia Flyers

1972-73 - Montreal Canadiens

1971-72 - Boston Bruins

1970-71 - Montreal Canadiens

1969-70 - Boston Bruins

1968-69 - Montreal Canadiens

1967-68 - Montreal Canadiens

1966-67 - Toronto Maple Leafs

1965-66 - Montreal Canadiens

1964-65 - Montreal Canadiens

1963-64 - Toronto Maple Leafs

1962-63 - Toronto Maple Leafs

1961-62 - Toronto Maple Leafs

1960-61 - Chicago Blackhawks

1959-60 - Montreal Canadiens

1958-59 - Montreal Canadiens

1957-58 - Montreal Canadiens

1956-57 - Montreal Canadiens

1955-56 - Montreal Canadiens

1954-55 - Detroit Red Wings

1953-54 - Detroit Red Wings

1952-53 - Montreal Canadiens

1951-52 - Detroit Red Wings

1950-51 - Toronto Maple Leafs

1949-50 - Detroit Red Wings

1948-49 - Toronto Maple Leafs

1947-48 - Toronto Maple Leafs

1946-47 - Toronto Maple Leafs

1945-46 - Montreal Canadiens

1944-45 - Toronto Maple Leafs

1943-44 - Montreal Canadiens

1942-43 - Detroit Red Wings

1941-42 - Toronto Maple Leafs

1940-41 - Boston Bruins

1939-40 - New York Rangers

1938-39 - Boston Bruins

1937-38 - Chicago Black Hawks

1936-37 - Detroit Red Wings

1935-36 - Detroit Red Wings

1934-35 - Montreal Maroons

1933-34 - Chicago Black Hawks

1932-33 - New York Rangers

1931-32 - Toronto Maple Leafs

1930-31 - Montreal Canadiens

1929-30 - Montreal Canadiens

1928-29 - Boston Bruins

1927-28 - New York Rangers

1926-27 - Ottawa Senators

1925-26 - Montreal Maroons

1924-25 - Victoria Cougars

1923-24 - Montreal Canadiens

1922-23 - Ottawa Senators

1921-22 - Toronto St.

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1920-21 - Ottawa Senators

1919-20 - Ottawa Senators

1918-19 - No decision

1917-18 - Toronto Arenas

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1915-16 - Montreal Canadiens

1914-15 - Vancouver Millionaires

1913-14 - Toronto Blueshirts

1912-23 - Quebec Bulldogs

1911-12 - Quebec Bulldogs

1910-11 - Ottawa Senators

1909-10 - Montreal Wanderers

1908-09 - Ottawa Senators

1907-08 - Montreal Wanderers

1906-07 - Montreal Wanderers

1906-07 - Kenora Thistles

1905-06 - Montreal Wanderers

1905-06 - Ottawa Senators

1904-05 - Ottawa Senators

1903-04 - Ottawa Senators

1902-03 - Ottawa Senators

1902-03 - Montreal Amateur Athletic Association (AAA)

1901-02 - Montreal AAA

1901-02 - Winnipeg Victoria

1900-01 - Winnipeg Victoria

1899-1900 - Montreal Shamrocks

1898-99 - Montreal Shamrocks

1897-98 - Montreal Victorias

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1895-96 - Winnipeg Victorias

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1894-95 - Montreal Victorias

1893-94 - Montreal AAA

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[pretty_green_eyes]

Directions to Yankee Stadium via subway

TO GET TO THE STADIUM BY SUBWAY:


Take the Lexington Avenue line 4-train to 161 Street-Yankee Stadium station in the Bronx at any time.

Take the Sixth Avenue line D-train to 161 Street-River Avenue station in the Bronx any time except weekdays from 6:30 AM to 9:30 AM heading towards Manhattan in the morning and from 3:30 PM to 8 PM coming from Manhattan.

Take the Sixth Avenue line B-train to 161 Street-River Avenue station in the Bronx only on weekdays from 6:30 AM to 9:30 AM in the morning and from 3:30 PM to 8 PM in the evenings, all other times, use either of the former two.

 

[Juliangel]

 

[pretty_green_eyes]

in keeping with casper...

Trivia from Ghostbusters:

The role of Louis Tully was originally written for John Candy.


The role of Peter Venkman was originally written for John Belushi.


According to Ivan Reitman and Harold Ramis in the DVD Commentary, in Dan Akyroyd's original rough draft of the movie, the story was going to take place in the future and that there would be teams of Ghostbusters like there are paramedics and firefighters (thus explaining basing the Ghostbusters HQ in a firehouse). According to Reitman, such a film would cost "at least $300 million in 1984 dollars". So Harold Ramis was brought in to rewrite the script and bring it into modern times.


The role of Winston was originally written for Eddie Murphy.


Gozer was originally going to be played by Paul Reubens, who turned down the role. In the original script, Gozer appeared as a normal man in a business suit.


Punk rocker Anne Carlisle was originally offered the role of Zuul, but turned it down.


Sandra Bernhard was originally offered the role of Janine.


Dan Aykroyd's original version of the script began with the Ecto-mobile flying out of Ghostbusters HQ, but director Ivan Reitman suggested that it would be better to show how the team got started.


Dana's apartment building actually exists at 55 Central Park West in New York City. The building is actually only 19 stories high. For the film, matte paintings and models were used to make the building look bigger and with more floors.


The Stay-Puft marshmallow man was originally supposed to come up out of the water right next to The Statue of Liberty, to get a contrast of size, but the scene was too hard to shoot.


On the set, Dan Aykroyd referred to the "Slimer" ghost as the ghost of John Belushi.


Though never referred to in the script, the green ghost the guys bust in the hotel was dubbed "Onionhead" by the crew, because of its horrid smell. A scene where the ghost haunts two newlyweds showed this characteristic, but it was cut. Since it was never referred to in the movie, the writers of the animated show came up for a different name for the green ghost: Slimer.


The eggs which fry themselves are sitting next to a package of "Sta-Puft" marshmallows. There is also a large advertisement for "Sta-Puft" marshmallows (complete with the marshmallow man) visible on the side of a building.


Many sequences were shot but removed from the film (a couple of the following were added as extras to the Criterion Collection CAV laserdisc release) :
Several shots in the sequence where Venkman, Stantz, and Spengler are thrown off campus were cut.
Several scenes throughout the film with Janine and Egon were cut.
The first time Venkman leaves Dana's apartment, he says to Louis "What a woman."
The "green slimer" ghost is discovered by two newlyweds at the Hotel Sedgewick. Also cut was a Ghostbuster inspection of the room.
A policeman tries to ticket the Ectomobile, but the car won't let him.
Bill Murray and Dan Aykroyd play two bums that witness Louis being chased by the terror dog.
Ray and Winston inspect Fort Detmerring, where Ray dresses in an old General's coat and falls asleep. When he awakes, he sees a female ghost above his bed. This part of the sequence was kept and used in the montage in the middle of the film.
Louis encounters two muggers in Central Park during the ghost montage.
Venkman and Stantz discuss matters with the mayor outside City Hall.
The Stay-Puft Marshmallow Man sequence ends with his large hat falling to the ground. Some deleted shots appear in the film's trailers.



In the middle of the film's initial release, to keep interest going, Ivan Reitman had a trailer run, which was basically the commercial the Ghostbusters' use in the movie, but with the 555 number replaced with a 1-800 number, allowing people to call. They got a recorded message of Bill Murray and Dan Aykroyd saying something to the effect of "Hi. We're out catching ghosts right now." They got 1,000 calls per hour, 24 hours a day, for six weeks.


When Alice the librarian is queried as to whether anyone in her family had ever had any history of mental illness, she replies she had an uncle who thought he was St. Jerome. Jerome is the patron saint of librarians.


The demonic voice of Dana/Zuul was performed by director Ivan Reitman. The voice of Gozer was provided by Paddi Edwards.


The music video for the song "Ghostbusters" by Ray Parker Jr., directed by Ivan Reitman, featured a number of celebrities who did not appear in the film. This included Chevy Chase, John Candy, Danny DeVito, Peter Falk, Melissa Gilbert, Carly Simon, Teri Garr, Irene Caraand George Wendt. In addition, the Ghostbusters themselves danced down Times Square right behind 'Ray Parker Jr' .


In rehearsal, Bill Murray (Venkman) teased Czech model Slavitza Jovan (Gozer) about her pronunciation of the line "Choose and Perish", which sounded to him like "Jews and Berries"(!) and he'd say "There are no Jews and Berries here!"


Most of the deleted scenes are "restored" in the novelized adaptation of "Ghostbusters".


The original script had a budding romance between the cynical receptionist Janine and the blissfully out of it Egon, but most of it was edited out of the film. The special edition DVD features a deleted scene of Janine giving Egon a coin for luck before he goes off with the other Ghostbusters to fight Gozer; they are interrupted by Venkman. The relationship between Janine and Egon was explored more in the animated series that followed.


The interiors for the hotel scene were filmed (mostly) at the famous Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles, on the corner of 5th and Grand. This famous location has been used for hundreds of films, TV shows, commercials and even a few music videos. The three doors that the Ghostbusters walk through in the movie are actually located on the entrance on 5th St. The Grand Avenue entrance leads you to the main lobby, which used to be the hotel ballroom, as seen in the film. (The ceiling is a dead give away.) The room's formerly solid walls have been replaced by glass doors (at the entrance) and archways. The reception desk is where the long banquet table was located in the film. To the right of that would have been the bar that Egon blasts. If you go into the bar to the right of the main lobby, there is a picture of the old ballroom on one of the walls, giving you a better perspective of what the room looked like in the early '80s.


Flashbulbs were used on the business end of the proton pack weapons so that the special effects creators could properly synch up the effects with the action (most visible in the dining room scene, frame by frame, when capturing Slimer).


All the college scenes were filmed at Columbia University in New York, including the fictional Weaver Hall office/lab interiors. Director Ivan Reitman decided to use an actual on-campus office instead of a soundstage so the film crew could film indoors if the weather turned bad, rather than lose a day's filming. Columbia University agreed to all this, on the condition the school not be mentioned by name on-camera.


The firehouse set the Ghostbusters use as HQ was remodeled and used once again as the mechanic shop in The Mask (1994).


The original premise of "Ghostbusters" had three main characters: John Belushi, Dan Aykroyd and Eddie Murphy. They fought ghosts in SWAT like suits using wands instead of guns. The ghost named Slimer was known as "Onionhead", and at the end of the movie the Ghostbusters franchise was all over the United States. John Candy also was slated to play Louis. However, with Belushi's death and characters backing out, the script was rewritten and new actors casted.


Storyboarded but never shot included:
A scene with Egon testing the proton pack, which is charged by being plugged in. The pack melts the plug.
A model's mink coat comes to life on a runaway. Note that this scene does happen in Ghostbusters II (1989) to a woman on the street.



Early publicity for the film was a teaser campaign featuring just the "no ghosts" logo. As the campaign built, the Ectomobile was also driven around the streets of Manhattan.


Exterior scenes of the Ghostbusters headquarters were filmed at the Hook and Ladder #8 Firehouse in the Tribeca section of New York City. Inside the firehouse are a Ghostbusters sign and photos taken with the cast and crew.


After the Stay-Puft Marshmallow Man is destroyed there is a shot of a man down on the street being deluged by a huge amount of marshmallow goo. Due to the extreme angle of the shot most viewers don't realize that this is Walter Peck. A cut scene (included on the DVD) took place a few moments before, at the same angle, where Peck tells the police to go up to the roof and arrest the Ghostbusters.


The "marshmallow" goo was actually shaving cream. More than fifty gallons was dumped on Walter Peck almost knocking him to the ground.


The schedule for getting the movie into theatres for its scheduled release date in summer 1984 was so tight, director Ivan Reitman said that the final print included incomplete special effects shots and errors like "wires showing" but, "remarkably, people didn't care".


One scene shot for the film but later deleted shows Ray and Winston on a call and Ray ends up in Canadian Mounties outfit. Production stills from this scene appear in the published version of the film script.


Initally, Ray Parker Jr. was having trouble writing the theme song to the film. The problem was solved when he saw the TV commercial for the Ghostbusters business in the film which inspired him to write the song like a advertising jingle for the business. The song was a #1 hit for three weeks.


When Venkman mentions the time Spengler tried to drill a hole in his head, Spengler's response ("That would have worked if you hadn't stopped me") was actually ad-libbed by Harold Ramis.


The Stay-Puft Marshmallow Man suits cost Approximately $20,000 apiece. Three were made and all were destroyed during filming.


The Ectomobile was originally painted black until it was pointed out that most driving would be at night and the car would be difficult to see. It was then repainted white.


The firehouse used is actually two different firehouses that are in two different cities. The exterior is in NY, while the interior is in downtown Los Angeles. The LA firehouse is very popular with filmmakers and has been used in many movies.


Bill Murray agreed to do this movie only on the condition that Columbia finance a remake of The Razor's Edge (1946) with him as the star. The remake was made (_The Razor's Edge (1984)_ .


The bum that Bill Murray played in a deleted scene looks and acts just like his character on Caddyshack (1980) (and also sports a golfing cap).


The party scene where Louis Tully (Rick Moranis) mingles with his party guests (commenting on the price of the salmon, and so on) is not only taken in one continuous shot, but is almost entirely improvised.


Huey Lewis and the News turned down an offer to write and record a theme song for Ghostbusters. They later sued Ray Parker Jr. for plagiarism, citing the similarities between his theme song and their earlier hit "I Want a New Drug."


Lindsey Buckingham was approached to write the theme song to after the successful collaboration for Vacation (1983) ("Holiday Road"). He declined.


There was a even more ferocious version of the Librarian Puppet that was going to be used, but it was rejected. However, it was recycled and used in another successful Columbia Pictures film released one year after this one, Fright Night (1985).


Before the release of Home Alone (1990), this was the highest-grossing comedy of all time.


In the original draft for Bill Murray's character, sexual obscenities were written on Peter Venkman's door; but Ivan Reitman wanted to make his film a target audience for families so the phrase "Venkman Burn in Hell" was added. In fact, this is a nod to the final scene in Stephen King's "Carrie"- where there is a for-sale sign on the vacant lot where Carrie's house once stood, and someone has graffitied it with "Carrie Burn in Hell".


Voted number 28 in channel 4's (UK) "Greatest Family Films".


Scenes in the montage sequence of the Ghostbusters running around New York (and also driving in the Ecto-mobile) were done on the first day, largely without film permits. In one scene, someone who looks like they might be a security guard begins chasing after them, and Dan Aykroyd can be seen actually driving the Ecto-mobile.


In the scene when the terror dogs (Zuul and Vince Clorthow) come to life, were actual statue designs on an old church in Philadelphia.


As revealed in an interview with Mix Magazine Online the hit song 'Ghostbusters' was created 4:30 in the morning when after almost 2 long days of trying to create a song Ray Parker Junior saw a commercial for a drain company that reminded him of a scene from the film. That commercial helped him coin the popular line "Who you gonna call?"


The lively chorus shouting the words "Ghostbusters" through the song were made up of the only people Ray Parker Jr. could find quickly enough to help him meet his deadline: his young girlfriend and her friends.


The character of Winston was initially written to be a guard at the Ghostbusters firehouse. Also, in earlier drafts of the script, Winston was the one who conjured up the Stay-Puft Marshmallow Man.


The floating Sigourney Weaver special effect is an actual physical effect, not an optical effect. The actress was put in a full body cast and attached to a post that was hidden in the curtains. According to the commentary, this effect came from director Ivan Reitman's Broadway experience.


Harold Ramis says that his character's name was built from two parts. The first name (Egon) was taken from a Hungarian refugee he went to grammar school with, and Spengler was from historian Oswald Spengler.

 

[tNs]

Awwww.....

 

[tNs]

How to make fudge

Things You'll Need
1 1/2 c. granulated sugar
2/3 c. Nestle® Carnation® Evaporated Milk
2 tbsp. butter or margarine
1/4 tsp. salt
2 c. miniature marshmallows
1 1/2 c. (9 oz.) Nestle® Toll House® Semi-Sweet Chocolate Morsels
1/2 c. chopped pecans or walnuts (optional)
1 tsp. vanilla extract
Instructions
STEP 1: Line an 8-inch-square baking pan with foil. STEP 2: Combine sugar, evaporated milk, butter and salt in medium, heavy-duty saucepan. Bring to a full rolling boil over medium heat, stirring constantly for 4 to 5 minutes. Remove from heat. STEP 3: Stir in marshmallows, morsels, nuts and vanilla extract. Stir vigorously for 1 minute or until marshmallows are melted. STEP 4: Pour into prepared baking pan; refrigerate for 2 hours or until firm. STEP 5: Lift from pan; remove foil. Cut into pieces. Tips & Warnings
To make milk chocolate fudge, substitute 1 3/4 c. (11.5-oz. pkg.) Nestle® Toll House® Milk Chocolate Morsels for Semi-Sweet Morsels.
To make butterscotch fudge, substitute 1 2/3 c. (11-oz. pkg.) Nestle® Toll House® Butterscotch Flavored Morsels for Semi-Sweet Morsels.
To make peanut-butter chocolate fudge, substitute 1 2/3 cups (11-oz. pkg.) Nestle® Toll House® Peanut Butter & Milk Chocolate Morsels for Semi-Sweet Morsels and 1/2 c. chopped peanuts for pecans or walnuts.