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The Cool Science Stuff Thread

Dark Matter is an illusion

The mysterious substance known as dark matter may actually be an illusion created by gravitational interactions between short-lived particles of matter and antimatter, a new study says.
 
Confirmed! Scientists Tally Over 600 Alien Planets

More than 50 new exoplanets — including one "super-Earth" that could potentially support life — were discovered using data from European observatory's High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) spectrograph, an instrument on the 11.8-foot (3.6-meter) telescope at the La Silla Observatory in Chile, ESO officials announced at the news briefing.
Click to expand...

http://www******.com/12925-alien-planets-number-discoveries.html
 
Sixteen New Super Earths

it's not like aliens put up a welcome banner or anything, but scientists now have newly identified at least one planet that could potentially sustain life.

The European Southern Observatory has just announced the discovery of more than 50 new exoplanets (planets outside our solar system), including 16 super-Earths (planets whose mass is between one and 10 times that of our own planet).

One of these planets in particular could theoretically be home to life if conditions are right. It's called HD 85512 b, and scientists say it's about 3.6 times the mass of the Earth. This planet is about 35 light years from Earth. Its location with respect to its star suggests that this planet could have liquid water under certain circumstances.

Don't get too excited, though; there's a lot more work to be done to explore whether this planet is truly fit for life, in addition to whether there are alien life forms there.
 
http://the-scientist.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/09_11_Tarnita.jpg


Corina Tarnita shrugged off her undergraduate mentor’s advice to take a year off before starting grad school in 2006. She instead raced through her program in just three years, even after making a midcourse switch from high-dimensional geometry to mathematical biology—a transition she describes as going from math that’s impossible to visualize to math that gives an account of the real world.

“With pure math, something was either wrong or right and you could prove it,” the now-28-year-old postdoc from Romania says. “With biology it’s not like that. It’s always a work in progress.”

METHODS: A three-time Romanian National Mathematical Olympiad champion, Tarnita was a shoo-in for Harvard’s math program. “She was one of only two math students in five years who was asked to stay on for graduate school,” says Martin Nowak, Harvard professor of biology and mathematics.

Midway through her PhD she read Nowak’s book, Evolutionary Dynamics: Exploring the Equations of Life, which describes mathematical principles that guide evolution. She met Nowak and began developing mathematical approaches to explain the evolution of cooperation within populations. Her first paper graced the cover of PNAS and proposed evolutionary set theory: members of structured populations belong to subdivisions called sets, and interact with other members of their set, but their memberships in sets may change.1 This suggested that evolutionary dynamics are affected by population structure and in turn can drive structural changes within populations.

Tarnita began solving what Nowak considered to be unsolvable math problems, such as how interactions among individuals of a species determine the evolutionary trajectory of their populations. “Against my advice, she didn’t give up,” says Nowak. Tarnita discovered that for any population structure, a single mathematical variable can predict something as complex as whether individuals are more or less likely to evolve cooperative behaviors.2

RESULTS: Then Nowak introduced Tarnita to world-renowned evolutionary biologist E.O. Wilson. “Wilson, at 80, [had] decided that the inclusive fitness theory he embraced for 40 years wasn’t satisfactory anymore,” she says. “He needed proof.”

The theory, that cooperative and altruistic behavior among genetic kin benefits even nonbreeding individuals—such as worker ants—was proven mathematically by William Hamilton in 1964. Wilson decided to revisit this theory because Hamilton’s proof didn’t explain why the “eusocial” ant colonies he studied didn’t die out. Tarnita, Nowak, and Wilson showed that Hamilton’s theory—the basis of kin selection theory—was mathematically flawed.

DISCUSSION: Their paper proposed that, given sufficiently precise models of population structures, basic natural selection, without the need to invoke the concept of inclusive fitness, explains how eusociality evolved.3 The suggestion provoked intense professional criticism from the evolutionary biology community, which Tarnita took in stride, according to Nowak. “She sought out people on the other side of the debate to discuss the work, and they were disarmed. They tried to find mistakes. There was no mistake.”

Tarnita, now a junior fellow in the Harvard Society of Fellows, “is a mathematician of first rank,” says Wilson. During work sessions in his office with Tarnita and Nowak, Wilson says he would ask the Darwin bobblehead doll on his desk whether he agreed with everything they had just discussed. “And, of course, we got a strong affirmative.”

http://media.heavy.com/media/2010/05/corina-tarnita1.jpghttp://www.ped.fas.harvard.edu/people/images/Corina_Tarnita.jpg
 
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