4est_4est_Gump
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Sophisms of the Protectionists, Bastiat
4 Politically Controversial Issues Where All Economists Agree
- Thread starter Peregrinator
- Start date
Sophisms of the Protectionists, Bastiat
richard_daily
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Yes, but you usually stop reading as soon as you're done with the headline, so this is not a big surprise.
busybody..
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A red radish makes more sense than you do, NIGGERWHORE...stick to shrieking about GLOWBALL BULLSHIT
richard_daily
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^^^
doesn't even manage to finish the headline.
doesn't even manage to finish the headline.
Peregrinator
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Could you please c&p something from "American Thinker?"
J
JAMESBJOHNSON
Guest
SOME STATS
12% of Americans are black.
40% of AFDC recipients are black
37% of FOOD STAMP recipients are black
27% of MEDICAID recipients
12% of Americans are black.
40% of AFDC recipients are black
37% of FOOD STAMP recipients are black
27% of MEDICAID recipients
Disgustipated
LAWLZ
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Holy fuck. This was a joke, right?
Wrong Element
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If by "skyrocketed" you mean "a price that's the same now as it was four years ago," then I suppose you're right. Otherwise, probably not.
There are indeed economists who believe in the gold standard and thought the stimulus was counterproductive--they aren't good economists, but they're out there, and would likely staff the hypothetical adMittistration. But generally speaking, the article is sound,
busybody..
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If I had a dollar for every time liberals said Bush's policies made gas prices go up, I'd buy Perg a clue.
that was THEN
THIS is NOW
richard_daily
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that was THEN
THIS is NOW
And the only constant is that you're still not getting laid.
busybody..
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Peregrinator
Hooded On A Hill
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If I had a dollar for every time liberals said Bush's policies made gas prices go up, I'd buy Perg a clue.
Do you have anything of substance to contribute? You're posting like miles in this thread.
richard_daily
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You mean they're not the same person?
busybody..
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busybody..
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Dumb Thread
Here is SMART STUFF
War and Peace
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the Tolstoy novel. For other uses, see War and Peace (disambiguation).
War and Peace
Author(s)
Leo Tolstoy
Original title
Война и миръ, (Voyná i mir, "Война и мир" in contemporary orthography)
Language
Russian, with some French
Genre(s)
Historical, Romance, War novel, Philosophical
Publisher
Russkii Vestnik (series)
Publication date
1869
Media type
Print (Hardback & Paperback) & Audio book
Pages
1,225 (first Published edition) ; 1,475 (2006 paperback issue)
ISBN
NA
War and Peace (Russian: Вoйнá и мир, Pre-reform Russian: «Война и миръ») is a novel by the Russian author Leo Tolstoy, first published in 1869. The work is epic in scale and is regarded as one of the most important works of world literature.[1][2][3] It is considered Tolstoy's finest literary achievement, along with his other major prose work Anna Karenina (1873–1877).
War and Peace delineates in graphic detail events surrounding the French invasion of Russia, and the impact of the Napoleonic era on Tsarist society, as seen through the eyes of five Russian aristocratic families. Portions of an earlier version of the novel, then known as The Year 1805,[4] were serialized in the magazine The Russian Messenger between 1865 and 1867. The novel was first published in its entirety in 1869.[5] Newsweek in 2009 ranked it first in its list of the Top 100 Books.[6]
Tolstoy himself, somewhat enigmatically, said of War and Peace that it was "not a novel, even less is it a poem, and still less a historical chronicle." Large sections of the work, especially in the later chapters, are philosophical discussion rather than narrative.[7] He went on to elaborate that the best Russian literature does not conform to standard norms. Tolstoy regarded Anna Karenina as the first of his novels.
Contents
[hide] 1 Crafting the novel
2 Realism
3 Reception
4 Language 4.1 English and other translations
5 Background and historical context
6 Plot summary 6.1 Book/Volume One
6.2 Book/Volume Two
6.3 Book/Volume Three
6.4 Book/Volume Four
6.5 Epilogue in two parts
7 Principal characters in War and Peace
8 Adaptations 8.1 Film
8.2 Television
8.3 Opera
8.4 Theatre
8.5 Radio
8.6 Music
8.7 Full translations into English
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
[edit] Crafting the novel
Only known color photograph of the writer, taken at his Yasnaya Polyana estate in 1908 by Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky
Tolstoy's notes from the ninth draft of War and Peace, 1864
War and Peace is well known as being one of the longest novels ever written, though not the longest. It is actually the seventeenth longest novel ever written in a Latin or Cyrillic based alphabet and is subdivided into four books or volumes, each with sub parts containing many chapters.
Tolstoy came up with the title, and some of his themes, from an 1861 work of Proudhon: La Guerre et la Paix ('War and Peace' in French). Tolstoy had served in the Crimean War and written a series of short stories and novellas featuring scenes of war.
He began writing War and Peace in the year that he finally married and settled down at his country estate. The first half of the book was written under the name "1805".
During the writing of the second half, he read widely and acknowledged Schopenhauer as one of his main inspirations. However, Tolstoy developed his own views of history and the role of the individual within it.[8]
The novel can be generally classified as historical fiction. It contains elements present in many types of popular 18th and 19th century literature, especially the romance novel. War and Peace attains its literary status by transcending genres.
Tolstoy was instrumental in bringing a new kind of consciousness to the novel. His narrative structure is noted for its "god-like" ability to hover over and within events, but also in the way it swiftly and seamlessly portrayed a particular character's point of view. His use of visual detail is often cinematic in its scope, using the literary equivalents of panning, wide shots and close-ups, to give dramatic interest to battles and ballrooms alike. These devices, while not exclusive to Tolstoy, are part of the new style of the novel that arose in the mid-19th century and of which Tolstoy proved himself a master.[9]
[edit] Realism
Tolstoy incorporated extensive historical research. He was also influenced by many other novels.[8] A veteran of the Crimean War, Tolstoy was quite critical of standard history, especially the standards of military history, in War and Peace. Tolstoy read all the standard histories available in Russian and French about the Napoleonic Wars and combined more traditional historical writing with the novel form. He explains at the start of the novel's third volume his own views on how history ought to be written. His aim was to blur the line between fiction and history, in order to get closer to the truth, as he states in Volume II.
The novel is set 60 years earlier than the time at which Tolstoy wrote it, "in the days of our grandfathers", as he puts it. He had spoken with people who had lived through war during the French invasion of Russia in 1812, so the book is also, in part, accurate ethnography fictionalized. He read letters, journals, autobiographical and biographical materials pertaining to Napoleon and the dozens of other historical characters in the novel. There are approximately 160 real persons named or referred to in War and Peace.[10]
[edit] Reception
Front page of War and Peace, first edition, 1869 (Russian)
The first draft of War and Peace was completed in 1863. In 1865, the periodical Russkiy Vestnik published the first part of this early version under the title 1805. In the following year, it published more of the same early version. Tolstoy was dissatisfied with this version, although he allowed several parts of it to be published with a different ending in 1867, still under the same title "1805". He heavily rewrote the entire novel between 1866 and 1869.[5][8] Tolstoy's wife, Sophia Tolstaya, wrote as many as seven separate complete manuscripts by hand before Tolstoy considered it again ready for publication.[8] The version that was published in Russkiy Vestnik had a very different ending from the version eventually published under the title War and Peace in 1869.
The completed novel was then called Voyna i mir (new style orthography; in English War and Peace).
The 1805 manuscript (sometimes referred to as "the original War and Peace") was re-edited and annotated in Russia in 1983 and since has been translated separately from the "known" version, to English, German, French, Spanish, Dutch, Swedish, Finnish, Albanian, and Korean. The fact that so many extant versions of War and Peace survive make it one of the best insights into the mental processes of a great novelist.
Russians who had read the serialized version were anxious to acquire the complete first edition, which included epilogues, and it sold out almost immediately. The novel was translated almost immediately after publication into many other languages.
Isaak Babel said, after reading War and Peace, "If the world could write by itself, it would write like Tolstoy."[11] Tolstoy "gives us a unique combination of the 'naive objectivity' of the oral narrator with the interest in detail characteristic of realism. This is the reason for our trust in his presentation."[12]
[edit] Language
Cover of War and Peace, Italian translation, 1899
Although Tolstoy wrote most of the book, including all the narration, in Russian, significant portions of dialogue (including its opening paragraph) are written in French with characters often switching between the two languages. This reflected 19th century Russian aristocracy, where French, a foreign tongue, was widely spoken and considered a language of prestige and more refined than Russian.[13] This came about from the historical influence throughout Europe of the powerful court of the Sun King, Louis XIV of France, leading to members of the Russian aristocracy being less competent in speaking their mother tongue. In War and Peace, for example, Julie Karagina, Princess Marya's friend, has to take Russian lessons in order to master her native language.
It has been suggested[14] that it is a deliberate literary device employed by Tolstoy, to use French to portray artifice and insincerity as the language of the theater and deceit while Russian emerges as a language of sincerity, honesty and seriousness. It displays slight irony that as Pierre and others socialize and use French phrases, they will be attacked by legions of Bonapartists in a very short time. It is sometimes used in satire against Napoleon. In the novel, when Pierre proposes to Hélène, he speaks to her in French — Je vous aime ('I love you'). When the marriage later emerges to be a sham, Pierre blames those French words.
The use of French diminishes as the book progresses and the wars with the French intensify, culminating in the capture and eventual burning of Moscow. The progressive elimination of French from the text is a means of demonstrating that Russia has freed itself from foreign cultural domination.[14] It is also, at the level of plot development, a way of showing that a once-admired and friendly nation, France, has turned into an enemy. By midway through the book, several of the Russian aristocracy, whose command of French is far better than their command of Russian, are anxious to find Russian tutors for themselves.
[edit] English and other translations
War and Peace has been translated into many languages. It has been translated into English on several occasions, starting with Clara Bell working from a French translation. The translators Constance Garnett and Louise and Aylmer Maude knew Tolstoy personally. Translations have to deal with Tolstoy’s often peculiar syntax and his fondness for repetitions. About 2% of War and Peace is in French; Tolstoy removed the French in a revised 1873 edition, only to restore it later.[14] Most translators follow Garnett retaining some French, Briggs uses no French, while Pevear-Volokhonsky and Amy Mandelker's revision of the Maude translation both retain the French fully.[14] (For a list of translations see below)
Abdulla Qahhor and his wife Kibriyo Qahhorova translated War and Peace into Uzbek.[15]
[edit] Background and historical context
In 1812 by the Russian artist Illarion Pryanishnikov
The novel begins in the year 1805 during the reign of Tsar Alexander I and leads up to the 1812 French invasion of Russia by Napoleon. The era of Catherine the Great (1762–1796), when the royal court in Paris was the centre of western European civilization,[16] is still fresh in the minds of older people. Catherine, fluent in French and wishing to reshape Russia into a great European nation, made French the language of her royal court. For the next one hundred years, it became a social requirement for members of the Russian nobility to speak French and understand French culture.[16] This historical and cultural context in the aristocracy is reflected in War and Peace. Catherine's grandson, Alexander I, came to the throne in 1801 at the age of 24. In the novel, his mother, Marya Feodorovna, is the most powerful woman in the Russian court.
War and Peace tells the story of five aristocratic families — the Bezukhovs, the Bolkonskys, the Rostovs, the Kuragins and the Drubetskoys—and the entanglements of their personal lives with the history of 1805–1813, principally Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812. The Bezukhovs, while very rich, are a fragmented family as the old Count, Kirill Vladimirovich, has fathered dozens of illegitimate sons. The Bolkonskys are an old established and wealthy family based at Bald Hills. Old Prince Bolkonsky, Nikolai Andreevich, served as a general under Catherine the Great, in earlier wars. The Moscow Rostovs have many estates, but never enough cash. They are a closely knit, loving family who live for the moment regardless of their financial situation. The Kuragin family has three children, who are all of questionable character. The Drubetskoy family is of impoverished nobility, and consists of an elderly mother and her only son, Boris, whom she wishes to push up the career ladder.
Tolstoy spent years researching and rewriting the book. He worked from primary source materials (interviews and other documents), as well as from history books, philosophy texts and other historical novels.[8] Tolstoy also used a great deal of his own experience in the Crimean War to bring vivid detail and first-hand accounts of how the Russian army was structured.[17]
The standard Russian text of War and Peace is divided into four books (fifteen parts) and an epilogue in two parts – one mainly narrative, the other thematic. While roughly the first half of the novel is concerned strictly with the fictional characters, the later parts, as well as one of the work's two epilogues, increasingly consist of essays about the nature of war, power, history, and historiography. Tolstoy interspersed these essays into the story in a way that defies previous fictional convention. Certain abridged versions remove these essays entirely, while others, published even during Tolstoy's life, simply moved these essays into an appendix.
[edit] Plot summary
War and Peace has a large cast of characters, the majority of whom are introduced in the first book. Some are actual historical figures, such as Napoleon and Alexander I. While the scope of the novel is vast, it is centered around five aristocratic families. The plot and the interactions of the characters take place in the era surrounding the 1812 French invasion of Russia during the Napoleonic wars.[18]
[edit] Book/Volume One
Empress dowager, Maria Feodorovna, mother of reigning Tsar Alexander I, is the most powerful woman in the Russian royal court, in the historical setting of the novel.
The novel begins in July 1805 in Saint Petersburg, at a soirée given by Anna Pavlovna Scherer — the maid of honour and confidante to the queen mother Maria Feodorovna. Many of the main characters and aristocratic families in the novel are introduced as they enter Anna Pavlovna's salon. Pierre (Pyotr Kirilovich) Bezukhov is the illegitimate son of a wealthy count, an elderly man who is dying after a series of strokes. Pierre is about to become embroiled in a struggle for his inheritance. Educated abroad at his father's expense following his mother's death, Pierre is essentially kindhearted, but socially awkward, and owing in part to his open, benevolent nature, finds it difficult to integrate into Petersburg society. It is known to everyone at the soirée that Pierre is his father's favorite of all the old count’s illegitimate children.
Also attending the soireé is Pierre's friend, the intelligent and sardonic Prince Andrei Nikolayevich Bolkonsky, husband of Lise, the charming society favourite. Finding Petersburg society unctuous and disillusioned with married life after discovering his wife is empty and superficial, Prince Andrei makes the fateful choice to be an aide-de-camp to Prince Mikhail Ilarionovich Kutuzov in the coming war against Napoleon.
The plot moves to Moscow, Russia's ancient city and former capital, contrasting its provincial, more Russian ways to the highly mannered society of Petersburg. The Rostov family are introduced. Count Ilya Andreyevich Rostov has four adolescent children. Thirteen-year-old Natasha (Natalia Ilyinichna) believes herself in love with Boris Drubetskoy, a disciplined young man who is about to join the army as an officer. Twenty-year-old Nikolai Ilyich pledges his teenage love to Sonya (Sofia Alexandrovna), his fifteen-year-old cousin, an orphan who has been brought up by the Rostovs. The eldest child of the Rostov family, Vera Ilyinichna, is cold and somewhat haughty but has a good prospective marriage in a Russian-German officer, Adolf Karlovich Berg. Petya (Pyotr Ilyich) is nine and the youngest of the Rostov family; like his brother, he is impetuous and eager to join the army when of age. The heads of the family, Count Ilya Rostov and Countess Natalya Rostova, are an affectionate couple but forever worried about their disordered finances.
At Bald Hills, the Bolkonskys' country estate, Prince Andrei departs for war and leaves his terrified, pregnant wife Lise with his eccentric father Prince Nikolai Andreyevich Bolkonsky and his devoutly religious sister Maria Nikolayevna Bolkonskaya.
The second part opens with descriptions of the impending Russian-French war preparations. At the Schöngrabern engagement, Nikolai Rostov, who is now conscripted as ensign in a squadron of hussars, has his first taste of battle. He meets Prince Andrei, whom he insults in a fit of impetuousness. Even more than most young soldiers, he is deeply attracted by Tsar Alexander's charisma. Nikolai gambles and socializes with his officer, Vasily Dmitrich Denisov, and befriends the ruthless and perhaps psychopathic Fyodor Ivanovich Dolokhov.
[edit] Book/Volume Two
Scene in Red Square, Moscow, 1801. Oil on canvas by Fedor Yakovlevich Alekseev.
Book Two begins with Nikolai Rostov briefly returning on home leave to Moscow. Nikolai finds the Rostov family facing financial ruin due to poor estate management. He spends an eventful winter at home, accompanied by his friend Denisov, his officer from the Pavlograd Regiment in which he serves. Natasha has blossomed into a beautiful young girl. Denisov falls in love with her, proposes marriage but is rejected. Although his mother pleads with Nikolai to find himself a good financial prospect in marriage, Nikolai refuses to accede to his mother's request. He promises to marry his childhood sweetheart, the dowry-less Sonya.
Pierre Bezukhov, upon finally receiving his massive inheritance, is suddenly transformed from a bumbling young man into the richest and most eligible bachelor in the Russian Empire. Despite rationally knowing that it is wrong, he proposes marriage with Prince Kuragin's beautiful and immoral daughter Hélène (Elena Vasilyevna Kuragina), to whom he is sexually attracted. Hélène, who is rumoured to be involved in an incestuous affair with her brother, the equally charming and immoral Anatol, tells Pierre that she will never have children with him. Hélène has an affair with Dolokhov, who mocks Pierre in public. Pierre loses his temper and challenges Dolokhov, a seasoned dueller and a ruthless killer, to a duel. Unexpectedly, Pierre wounds Dolokhov. Hélène denies her affair, but Pierre is convinced of her guilt and, after almost being violent to her, leaves her. In his moral and spiritual confusion, Pierre joins the Freemasons, and becomes embroiled in Masonic internal politics. Much of Book Two concerns his struggles with his passions and his spiritual conflicts to be a better man. Now a rich aristocrat, he abandons his former carefree behavior and enters upon a philosophical quest particular to Tolstoy: how should one live a moral life in an ethically imperfect world? The question continually baffles and confuses Pierre. He attempts to liberate his serfs, but ultimately achieves nothing of note.
Pierre is vividly contrasted with the intelligent and ambitious Prince Andrei Bolkonsky. At the Battle of Austerlitz, Andrei is inspired by a vision of glory to lead a charge of a straggling army. He suffers a near fatal artillery wound. In the face of death, Andrei realizes all his former ambitions are pointless and his former hero Napoleon (who rescues him in a horseback excursion to the battlefield) is apparently as vain as himself.
Prince Andrei recovers from his injuries in a military hospital and returns home, only to find his wife Lise dying in childbirth. He is stricken by his guilty conscience for not treating Lise better when she was alive and is haunted by the pitiful expression on his dead wife's face. His child, Nikolenka, survives.
Burdened with nihilistic disillusionment, Prince Andrei does not return to the army but chooses to remain on his estate, working on a project that would codify military behavior to solve problems of disorganization responsible for the loss of life on the Russian side. Pierre visits him and brings new questions: where is God in this amoral world? Pierre is interested in panentheism and the possibility of an afterlife.
Pierre's estranged wife, Hélène, begs him to take her back, and against his better judgment he does. Despite her vapid shallowness, Hélène establishes herself as an influential hostess in Petersburg society.
Prince Andrei feels impelled to take his newly written military notions to Petersburg, naively expecting to influence either the Emperor himself or those close to him. Young Natasha, also in Petersburg, is caught up in the excitement of dressing for her first grand ball, where she meets Prince Andrei and briefly reinvigorates him with her vivacious charm. Andrei believes he has found purpose in life again and, after paying the Rostovs several visits, proposes marriage to Natasha. However, old Prince Bolkonsky, Andrei's father, dislikes the Rostovs, opposes the marriage, and insists on a year's delay. Prince Andrei leaves to recuperate from his wounds abroad, leaving Natasha initially distraught. She soon recovers her spirits, however, and Count Rostov takes her and Sonya to spend some time with a friend in Moscow.
Natasha visits the Moscow opera, where she meets Hélène and her brother Anatol. Anatol has since married a Polish woman whom he has abandoned in Poland. He is very attracted to Natasha and is determined to seduce her. Hélène and Anatol conspire together to accomplish this plan. Anatol kisses Natasha and writes her passionate letters, eventually establishing plans to elope. Natasha is convinced that she loves Anatol and writes to Princess Maria, Andrei's sister, breaking off her engagement. At the last moment, Sonya discovers her plans to elope and foils them. Pierre is initially horrified by Natasha's behavior, but realizes he has fallen in love with her. During the time when the Great Comet of 1811–2 streaks the sky, life appears to begin anew for Pierre.
Prince Andrei accepts coldly Natasha's breaking of the engagement. He tells Pierre that his pride will not allow him to renew his proposal. Ashamed, Natasha makes a suicide attempt and is left seriously ill.
[edit] Book/Volume Three
The Battle of Borodino, fought on September 7, 1812 and involving more than 250,000 troops and 70,000 casualties was a pivotal turning point in Napoleon's failed campaign to take Russia. It is vividly depicted in great detail through the plot and characters in War and Peace.
Painting by Louis-François, Baron Lejeune, 1822.
With the help of her family, especially Sonya, and the stirrings of religious faith, Natasha manages to persevere in Moscow through this dark period. Meanwhile, the whole of Russia is affected by the coming confrontation between Napoleon's troops and the Russian army. Pierre convinces himself through gematria that Napoleon is the Antichrist of the Book of Revelation. Old prince Bolkonsky dies of a stroke while trying to protect his estate from French marauders. No organized help from any Russian army seems available to the Bolkonskys, but Nikolai Rostov turns up at their estate in time to help put down an incipient peasant revolt. He finds himself attracted to Princess Maria, but remembers his promise to Sonya.
Back in Moscow, the war-obsessed Petya manages to snatch a loose piece of the Tsar's biscuit outside the Cathedral of the Assumption; he finally convinces his parents to allow him to enlist.
Napoleon himself is a main character in this section of the novel and is presented in vivid detail, as both a thinker and would-be strategist. His toilette and his customary attitudes and traits of mind are depicted in detail. Also described are the well-organized force of over 400,000 French Army (only 140,000 of them actually French-speaking) which marches quickly through the Russian countryside in the late summer and reaches the outskirts of the city of Smolensk. Pierre decides to leave Moscow and go to watch the Battle of Borodino from a vantage point next to a Russian artillery crew. After watching for a time, he begins to join in carrying ammunition. In the midst of the turmoil he experiences firsthand the death and destruction of war. The battle becomes a hideous slaughter for both armies and ends in a standoff. The Russians, however, have won a moral victory by standing up to Napoleon's reputedly invincible army. For strategic reasons and having suffered grievous losses, the Russian army withdraws the next day, allowing Napoleon to march on to Moscow. Among the casualties are Anatol Kuragin and Prince Andrei. Anatol loses a leg, and Andrei suffers a grenade wound in the abdomen. Both are reported dead, but their families are in such disarray that no one can be notified.
[edit] Book/Volume Four
Napoleon's retreat from Moscow. Painting by Adolf Northern (1828–1876)
The Rostovs have waited until the last minute to abandon Moscow, even after it is clear that Kutuzov has retreated past Moscow and Muscovites are being given contradictory, often propagandistic, instructions on how to either flee or fight. Count Rostopchin is publishing posters, rousing the citizens to put their faith in religious icons, while at the same time urging them to fight with pitchforks if necessary. Before fleeing himself, he gives orders to burn the city. The Rostovs have a difficult time deciding what to take with them, but in the end, Natasha convinces them to load their carts with the wounded and dying from the Battle of Borodino. Unknown to Natasha, Prince Andrei is amongst the wounded.
When Napoleon's Grand Army finally occupies an abandoned and burning Moscow, Pierre takes off on a quixotic mission to assassinate Napoleon. He becomes an anonymous man in all the chaos, shedding his responsibilities by wearing peasant clothes and shunning his duties and lifestyle. The only people he sees while in this garb are Natasha and some of her family, as they depart Moscow. Natasha recognizes and smiles at him, and he in turn realizes the full scope of his love for her.
Pierre saves the life of a French officer who fought at Borodino, yet is taken prisoner by the retreating French during his attempted assassination of Napoleon, after saving a woman from being raped by soldiers in the French Army. He becomes friends with a fellow prisoner, Platon Karataev, a peasant with a saintly demeanor, who is incapable of malice. In Karataev, Pierre finally finds what he has been seeking: an honest person of integrity (unlike the aristocrats of Petersburg society) who is utterly without pretense. Pierre discovers meaning in life simply by living and interacting with him. After witnessing French soldiers sacking Moscow and shooting Russian civilians arbitrarily, Pierre is forced to march with the Grand Army during its disastrous retreat from Moscow in the harsh Russian winter. After months of trial and tribulation—during which the fever-plagued Karataev is shot by the French—Pierre is finally freed by a Russian raiding party, after a small skirmish with the French that sees the young Petya Rostov killed in action.
Meanwhile, Andrei, wounded during Napoleon's invasion, has been taken in as a casualty and cared for by the Rostovs, fleeing from Moscow to Yaroslavl. He is reunited with Natasha and his sister Maria before the end of the war. Having lost all will to live, he forgives Natasha in a last act before dying.
As the novel draws to a close, Pierre's wife Hélène dies from an overdose of abortion medication (Tolstoy does not state it explicitly but the euphemism he uses is unambiguous). Pierre is reunited with Natasha, while the victorious Russians rebuild Moscow. Natasha speaks of Prince Andrei's death and Pierre of Karataev's. Both are aware of a growing bond between them in their bereavement. With the help of Princess Maria, Pierre finds love at last and, revealing his love after being released by his former wife's death, marries Natasha.
[edit] Epilogue in two parts
The first part of the epilogue begins with the wedding of Pierre and Natasha in 1813. It is the last happy event for the Rostov family, which is undergoing a transition. Count Rostov dies soon after, leaving his eldest son Nikolai to take charge of the debt-ridden estate.
Nikolai finds himself with the task of maintaining the family on the verge of bankruptcy. His abhorrence at the idea of marrying for wealth almost gets in his way, but finally he marries the now-rich Maria Bolkonskaya and in so doing also saves his family from financial ruin.
Nikolai and Maria then move to Bald Hills with his mother and Sonya, whom he supports for the rest of their life. Buoyed by his wife's fortune, Nikolai pays off all his family's debts. They also raise Prince Andrei's orphaned son, Nikolai Andreyevich (Nikolenka) Bolkonsky.
As in all good marriages, there are misunderstandings, but the couples–Pierre and Natasha, Nikolai and Maria–remain devoted to their spouses. Pierre and Natasha visit Bald Hills in 1820, much to the jubilation of everyone concerned. There is a hint in the closing chapters that the idealistic, boyish Nikolenka and Pierre would both become part of the Decembrist Uprising. The first epilogue concludes with Nikolenka promising he would do something with which even his late father "would be satisfied..." (presumably as a revolutionary in the Decembrist revolt).
The second part of the epilogue contains Tolstoy's critique of all existing forms of mainstream history. He attempts to show that there is a great force behind history, which he first terms divine. He offers the entire book as evidence of this force, and critiques his own work. God, therefore, becomes the word Tolstoy uses to refer to all the forces that produce history, taken together and operating behind the scenes.
[edit] Principal characters in War and Peace
Main article: List of characters in War and Peace
War and Peace character tree
Natasha Rostova by Elisabeth Bohm Count Pyotr Kirillovich (Pierre) Bezukhov — The large-bodied, ungainly, and socially awkward illegitimate son of an old Russian grandee. Pierre, educated abroad, returns to Russia as a misfit. His unexpected inheritance of a large fortune makes him socially desirable. Pierre is the central character and often a voice for Tolstoy's own beliefs or struggles.
Prince Andrei Nikolayevich Bolkonsky — A strong but cynical, thoughtful and philosophical aide-de-camp in the Napoleonic Wars.
Princess Maria Nikolayevna Bolkonskaya — A pious woman whose eccentric father attempted to give her a good education. The caring, nurturing nature of her large eyes in her otherwise thin and plain face are frequently mentioned.
Count Ilya Andreyevich Rostov — The pater-familias of the Rostov family; terrible with finances, generous to a fault.
Countess Natalya Rostova — Wife of Count Ilya Rostov, mother of the four Rostov children.
Countess Natalia Ilyinichna (Natasha) Rostova — A central character, introduced as "not pretty but full of life" and a romantic young girl, she evolves through trials and suffering and eventually finds happiness. She is an accomplished singer and dancer.
Count Nikolai Ilyich Rostov — A hussar, the beloved eldest son of the Rostov family.
Sofia Alexandrovna (Sonya) Rostova — Orphaned cousin of Vera, Nikolai, Natasha, and Petya Rostov.
Countess Vera Ilyinichna Rostova — Eldest of the Rostov children, she marries the German career soldier, Berg.
Pyotr Ilyich (Petya) Rostov — Youngest of the Rostov children.
Prince Vasily Sergeyevich Kuragin — A ruthless man who is determined to marry his children well, despite having doubts about the character of some of them.
Princess Elena Vasilyevna (Hélène) Kuragin — A beautiful and sexually alluring woman who has many affairs, including (it is rumoured) with her brother Anatole.
Prince Anatol Vasilyevich Kuragin — Hélène's brother and a very handsome and amoral pleasure seeker who is secretly married yet tries to elope with Natasha Rostova.
Prince Ipolit Vasilyevich — The eldest and perhaps most dim-witted of the Kuragin children.
Prince Boris Drubetskoy — A poor but aristocratic young man driven by ambition, even at the expense of his friends and benefactors, who marries for money, rather than love, an heiress, Julie Karagina.
Princess Anna Mikhailovna Drubetskaya — The mother of Boris.
Fyodor Ivanovich Dolokhov — A cold, almost psychopathic officer, he ruins Nikolai Rostov by luring him into an outrageous gambling debt (by which he, Dolokhov, profits), he only shows love to his doting mother.
Adolf Karlovich Berg — A young Russian officer, who desires to be just like everyone else.
Anna Pavlovna Sherer — Also known as Annette, she is the hostess of the salon that is the site of much of the novel's action in Petersburg.
Maria Dmitryevna Akhrosimova — An older Moscow society lady, she is an elegant dancer and trend-setter, despite her age and size.
Amalia Evgenyevna Bourienne — A French woman who lives with the Bolkonskys, primarily as Princess Marya's companion.
Vasily Dmitrich Denisov — Nikolai Rostov's friend and brother officer, who proposes to Natasha.
Platon Krataev – The archetypal good Russian peasant, whom Pierre meets in the prisoner of war camp.
Napoleon I of France — the Great Man, whose fate is detailed in the book.
General Mikhail Ilarionovich Kutuzov — Russian commander-in-chief throughout the book. His diligence and modesty eventually save Russia from Napoleon.[citation needed]
Osip Bazdeyev — the Freemason who interests Pierre in his mysterious group, starting a lengthy subplot.[citation needed]
Tsar Alexander I of Russia — He signed a peace treaty with Napoleon in 1807 and then went to war with him.
Many of Tolstoy's characters in War and Peace were based on real-life people known to Tolstoy himself. His grandparents and their friends were the models for many of the main characters, his great-grandparents would have been of the generation of Prince Vasilly or Count Ilya Rostov. Some of the characters, obviously, are actual historic figures.
[edit] Adaptations
[edit] Film
The first Russian adaptation was Война и мир (Voyna i mir) in 1915, which was directed by Vladimir Gardin and starred Gardin and the Russian ballerina Vera Karalli. F. Kamei produced a version in Japan in 1947.
The 208-minute long American 1956 version was directed by King Vidor and starred Audrey Hepburn (Natasha), Henry Fonda (Pierre) and Mel Ferrer (Andrei). Audrey Hepburn was nominated for a BAFTA Award for best British actress and for a Golden Globe Award for best actress in a drama production.
The critically acclaimed four-part 1965 Russian version by the Soviet director Sergei Bondarchuk was released in stages from 1965–1967 and as a re-edited whole in 1968. It starred Lyudmila Savelyeva (as Natasha Rostova) and Vyacheslav Tikhonov (as Andrei Bolkonsky). Bondarchuk himself played the character of Pierre Bezukhov. The film was almost seven hours long; it involved thousands of actors, 120 000 extras, and it took seven years to finish the shooting, as a result of which the actors age changed dramatically from scene to scene. It won an Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film for its authenticity and massive scale.[19] The film is considered the best screen version of the novel.
[edit] Television
War and Peace (1972): The BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) made a television serial based on the novel, broadcast in 1972–73. Anthony Hopkins played the lead role of Pierre. Other lead characters were played by Rupert Davies, Faith Brook, Morag Hood, Alan Dobie, Angela Down and Sylvester Morand. This version faithfully included many of Tolstoy's minor characters, including Platon Karataev (Harry Locke).[20][21]
La guerre et la paix (2000): French TV production of Prokofiev's opera War and Peace, directed by François Roussillon. Robert Brubaker played the lead role of Pierre.[22]
War and Peace (2007): produced by the Italian Lux Vide, a TV mini-series in Russian & English co-produced in Russia, France, Germany, Poland and Italy. Directed by Robert Dornhelm, with screenplay written by Lorenzo Favella, Enrico Medioli and Gavin Scott. It features an international cast with Alexander Beyer playing the lead role of Pierre assisted by Malcolm McDowell, Clémence Poésy, Alessio Boni, Pilar Abella, J. Kimo Arbas, Ken Duken, Juozapas Bagdonas and Toni Bertorelli.[23]
[edit] Opera
Initiated by a proposal of the German director Erwin Piscator in 1938, the Russian composer Sergei Prokofiev composed his opera War and Peace (Op. 91, libretto by Mira Mendelson) based on this epic novel during the 1940s. The complete musical work premiered in Leningrad in 1955. It was the first opera to be given a public performance at the Sydney Opera House (1973).[24]
[edit] Theatre
The first successful stage adaptations of War and Peace were produced by Alfred Neumann and Erwin Piscator (1942, revised 1955, published by Macgibbon & Kee in London 1963, and staged in 16 countries since) and R. Lucas (1943).
A stage adaptation by Helen Edmundson, first produced in 1996 at the Royal National Theatre, was published that year by Nick Hern Books, London. Edmundson added to and amended the play[25] for a 2008 production as two 3-hour parts by Shared Experience, directed by Nancy Meckler and Polly Teale.[26] This was first put on at the Nottingham Playhouse, then toured in the UK to Liverpool, Darlington, Bath, Warwick, Oxford, Truro, London (the Hampstead Theatre) and Cheltenham.
[edit] Radio
The BBC Home Service broadcast an eight-part adaptation by Walter Peacock from 17 January to 7 February 1943 with two episodes on each Sunday. All but the last instalment, which ran for one and a half hours, were one hour long. Leslie Banks played Pierre while Celia Johnson was Natasha.
In December 1970, Pacifica Radio station WBAI broadcast a reading of the entire novel (the 1968 Dunnigan translation) read by over 140 celebrities and ordinary people.[27]
A dramatised full-cast adaptation in 20 parts, edited by Michael Bakewell, was broadcast by the BBC. Transmission Times: 30.12.1969 to 12.5.1970 Cast included: David Buck, Kate Binchy, Martin Jarvis
A dramatised full-cast adaptation in ten parts was written by Marcy Kahan and Mike Walker in 1997 for BBC Radio 4. The production won the 1998 Talkie award for Best Drama and was around 9.5 hours in length. It was directed by Janet Whitaker and featured Simon Russell Beale, Gerard Murphy, Richard Johnson, and others.[28]
[edit] Music
Composition by Nino Rota[29]
Referring to album notes, the first track "The Gates of Delirium", from the album Relayer, by the progressive rock group Yes, is said to be based loosely on the novel.[30]
[edit] Full translations into English
Clara Bell (from a French version) (1885–86)
Nathan Haskell Dole (1898)
Leo Wiener (1904)
Constance Garnett (1904)
Aylmer and Louise Maude (1922–3)
Rosemary Edmonds (1957, revised 1978)
Ann Dunnigan (1968)
Anthony Briggs (2005)
Andrew Bromfield (2007), translation of the first completed draft, approx. 400 pages shorter than other English translations
Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky (2007)
Maude translation revised by Amy Mandelker, Oxford University Press (2010) ISBN 978-0-19-923276-5
[edit] See also
Russia portal
Novels portal
List of characters in War and Peace
List of historical novels
Natasha's Dance by Orlando Figes, a cultural history of Russia using the name of the main female character[31]
[edit] References
1.^ Moser, Charles. 1992. Encyclopedia of Russian Literature. Cambridge University Press. pp. 298–300.
2.^ Thirlwell, Adam "A masterpiece in miniature." London: Guardian UK, October 8, 2005
3.^ Briggs, Anthony. 2005. "Introduction" to War and Peace. Penguin Classics.
4.^ Pevear, Richard (2008). "Introduction". War and Peace. Trans. Pevear; Volokhonsky, Larissa. New York City, New York: Vintage Books. pp. VIII–IX. ISBN 978-1-4000-7998-8.
5.^ a b Knowles, A.V. Leo Tolstoy, Routledge 1997.
6.^ Newsweek's Top 100 Books: The Meta-List, retrieved on 07 July 2009
7.^ Introduction?. Wordsworth Editions. 1993. ISBN 978-1-85326-062-9. Retrieved 2009-03-24.
8.^ a b c d e Kathryn B. Feuer; Robin Feuer Miller; Donna Tussing Orwin (January 2008). Tolstoy and the Genesis of War and Peace. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7447-7. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
9.^ Emerson, Caryl (1985). "The Tolstoy Connection in Bakhtin". PMLA 100 (1): 68–80 (68–71). doi:10.2307/462201. JSTOR 462201.
10.^ Pearson and Volokhonsky op cit.
11.^ "Introduction to War and Peace" by Richard Peaver in Peaver, Richard and Larissa Volokhonsky, War and Peace, 2008, Vintage Classics.
12.^ Greenwood, Edward Baker (1980). "What is War and Peace?". Tolstoy: The Comprehensive Vision. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 83. ISBN 0-416-74130-4.
13.^ Flaitz, Jeffra (1988). The ideology of English: French perceptions of English as a world language. Walter de Gruyter. p. 3. ISBN 3-11-011549-2, 9783110115499. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
14.^ a b c d Figes O (November 22, 2007). "Tolstoy's Real Hero". The New York Review of Books 54 (18).
15.^ "Abdulla Qahhor". Ziyouz. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
16.^ a b Inna, Gorbatov (2006). Catherine the Great and the French philosophers of the Enlightenment: Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot and Grim. Academica Press,LLC. p. 14. ISBN 1-933146-03-6, 9781933146034. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
17.^ Troyat, Henri. Tolstoy, a biography. Doubleday, 1967.
18.^ Randomhouse.com. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2012-01-29.
19.^ "War and Peace (1967)". IMDb.com.
20.^ War and Peace. BBC Two (ended 1973). TV.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-29.
21.^ War & Peace (TV mini-series 1972–1974). IMDb.com
22.^ La guerre et la paix (TV 2000). IMDb.com
23.^ War and Peace (TV mini-series 2007). IMDb.com
24.^ History – highlights. Sydney Opera House. Retrieved on 2012-01-29.
25.^ Cavendish, Dominic (February 11, 2008). "War and Peace: A triumphant Tolstoy". The Daily Telegraph (London).
26.^ War and Peace. Sharedexperience.org.uk
27.^ The War and Peace Broadcast: 35th Anniversary. Pacificaradioarchives.org
28.^ "Marcy Kahan Radio Plays". War And Peace (Radio Dramatization). Retrieved 2010-01-20.
29.^ War and Peace. Billboard.com. June 17, 2008
30.^ Yesworld.com. Yesworld.com (2011-07-12). Retrieved on 2012-01-29.
31.^ Orlando Figes (6 October 2003). Natasha's dance: a cultural history of Russia. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-42195-3. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
[edit] External links
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
War and Peace
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: War and Peace
English audiorecording at LibriVox.org
English translation at gutenberg
Searchable version of the gutenberg text in multiple formats SiSU
War and Peace, complete text with accompanying audio.
Full text of War and Peace in modern Russian orthography
An audio version of Book 1 of War and Peace (other books are available through links).
A searchable online version of Aylmer Maude's English translation of War and Peace
SparkNotes Study Guide for "War and Peace"
Birth, death, balls and battles by Orlando Figes. This is an edited version of an essay found in the Penguin Classics new translation of War and Peace (2005).
Homage to War and Peace Searchable map, compiled by Nicholas Jenkins, of places named in Tolstoy's novel (2008).
Russian Army during the Napoleonic Wars
The War and Peace Broadcast: 35th Anniversary, from Pacifica Radio Archives site
War and Peace at the Internet Book List
Radio documentary about 1970 marathon reading of War and Peace on WBAI, from Democracy Now! program, December 6, 2005
Discussion-Forum at Reading Group Guides
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War and Peace
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This article is about the Tolstoy novel. For other uses, see War and Peace (disambiguation).
War and Peace
Author(s)
Leo Tolstoy
Original title
Война и миръ, (Voyná i mir, "Война и мир" in contemporary orthography)
Language
Russian, with some French
Genre(s)
Historical, Romance, War novel, Philosophical
Publisher
Russkii Vestnik (series)
Publication date
1869
Media type
Print (Hardback & Paperback) & Audio book
Pages
1,225 (first Published edition) ; 1,475 (2006 paperback issue)
ISBN
NA
War and Peace (Russian: Вoйнá и мир, Pre-reform Russian: «Война и миръ») is a novel by the Russian author Leo Tolstoy, first published in 1869. The work is epic in scale and is regarded as one of the most important works of world literature.[1][2][3] It is considered Tolstoy's finest literary achievement, along with his other major prose work Anna Karenina (1873–1877).
War and Peace delineates in graphic detail events surrounding the French invasion of Russia, and the impact of the Napoleonic era on Tsarist society, as seen through the eyes of five Russian aristocratic families. Portions of an earlier version of the novel, then known as The Year 1805,[4] were serialized in the magazine The Russian Messenger between 1865 and 1867. The novel was first published in its entirety in 1869.[5] Newsweek in 2009 ranked it first in its list of the Top 100 Books.[6]
Tolstoy himself, somewhat enigmatically, said of War and Peace that it was "not a novel, even less is it a poem, and still less a historical chronicle." Large sections of the work, especially in the later chapters, are philosophical discussion rather than narrative.[7] He went on to elaborate that the best Russian literature does not conform to standard norms. Tolstoy regarded Anna Karenina as the first of his novels.
Contents
[hide] 1 Crafting the novel
2 Realism
3 Reception
4 Language 4.1 English and other translations
5 Background and historical context
6 Plot summary 6.1 Book/Volume One
6.2 Book/Volume Two
6.3 Book/Volume Three
6.4 Book/Volume Four
6.5 Epilogue in two parts
7 Principal characters in War and Peace
8 Adaptations 8.1 Film
8.2 Television
8.3 Opera
8.4 Theatre
8.5 Radio
8.6 Music
8.7 Full translations into English
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
[edit] Crafting the novel
Only known color photograph of the writer, taken at his Yasnaya Polyana estate in 1908 by Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky
Tolstoy's notes from the ninth draft of War and Peace, 1864
War and Peace is well known as being one of the longest novels ever written, though not the longest. It is actually the seventeenth longest novel ever written in a Latin or Cyrillic based alphabet and is subdivided into four books or volumes, each with sub parts containing many chapters.
Tolstoy came up with the title, and some of his themes, from an 1861 work of Proudhon: La Guerre et la Paix ('War and Peace' in French). Tolstoy had served in the Crimean War and written a series of short stories and novellas featuring scenes of war.
He began writing War and Peace in the year that he finally married and settled down at his country estate. The first half of the book was written under the name "1805".
During the writing of the second half, he read widely and acknowledged Schopenhauer as one of his main inspirations. However, Tolstoy developed his own views of history and the role of the individual within it.[8]
The novel can be generally classified as historical fiction. It contains elements present in many types of popular 18th and 19th century literature, especially the romance novel. War and Peace attains its literary status by transcending genres.
Tolstoy was instrumental in bringing a new kind of consciousness to the novel. His narrative structure is noted for its "god-like" ability to hover over and within events, but also in the way it swiftly and seamlessly portrayed a particular character's point of view. His use of visual detail is often cinematic in its scope, using the literary equivalents of panning, wide shots and close-ups, to give dramatic interest to battles and ballrooms alike. These devices, while not exclusive to Tolstoy, are part of the new style of the novel that arose in the mid-19th century and of which Tolstoy proved himself a master.[9]
[edit] Realism
Tolstoy incorporated extensive historical research. He was also influenced by many other novels.[8] A veteran of the Crimean War, Tolstoy was quite critical of standard history, especially the standards of military history, in War and Peace. Tolstoy read all the standard histories available in Russian and French about the Napoleonic Wars and combined more traditional historical writing with the novel form. He explains at the start of the novel's third volume his own views on how history ought to be written. His aim was to blur the line between fiction and history, in order to get closer to the truth, as he states in Volume II.
The novel is set 60 years earlier than the time at which Tolstoy wrote it, "in the days of our grandfathers", as he puts it. He had spoken with people who had lived through war during the French invasion of Russia in 1812, so the book is also, in part, accurate ethnography fictionalized. He read letters, journals, autobiographical and biographical materials pertaining to Napoleon and the dozens of other historical characters in the novel. There are approximately 160 real persons named or referred to in War and Peace.[10]
[edit] Reception
Front page of War and Peace, first edition, 1869 (Russian)
The first draft of War and Peace was completed in 1863. In 1865, the periodical Russkiy Vestnik published the first part of this early version under the title 1805. In the following year, it published more of the same early version. Tolstoy was dissatisfied with this version, although he allowed several parts of it to be published with a different ending in 1867, still under the same title "1805". He heavily rewrote the entire novel between 1866 and 1869.[5][8] Tolstoy's wife, Sophia Tolstaya, wrote as many as seven separate complete manuscripts by hand before Tolstoy considered it again ready for publication.[8] The version that was published in Russkiy Vestnik had a very different ending from the version eventually published under the title War and Peace in 1869.
The completed novel was then called Voyna i mir (new style orthography; in English War and Peace).
The 1805 manuscript (sometimes referred to as "the original War and Peace") was re-edited and annotated in Russia in 1983 and since has been translated separately from the "known" version, to English, German, French, Spanish, Dutch, Swedish, Finnish, Albanian, and Korean. The fact that so many extant versions of War and Peace survive make it one of the best insights into the mental processes of a great novelist.
Russians who had read the serialized version were anxious to acquire the complete first edition, which included epilogues, and it sold out almost immediately. The novel was translated almost immediately after publication into many other languages.
Isaak Babel said, after reading War and Peace, "If the world could write by itself, it would write like Tolstoy."[11] Tolstoy "gives us a unique combination of the 'naive objectivity' of the oral narrator with the interest in detail characteristic of realism. This is the reason for our trust in his presentation."[12]
[edit] Language
Cover of War and Peace, Italian translation, 1899
Although Tolstoy wrote most of the book, including all the narration, in Russian, significant portions of dialogue (including its opening paragraph) are written in French with characters often switching between the two languages. This reflected 19th century Russian aristocracy, where French, a foreign tongue, was widely spoken and considered a language of prestige and more refined than Russian.[13] This came about from the historical influence throughout Europe of the powerful court of the Sun King, Louis XIV of France, leading to members of the Russian aristocracy being less competent in speaking their mother tongue. In War and Peace, for example, Julie Karagina, Princess Marya's friend, has to take Russian lessons in order to master her native language.
It has been suggested[14] that it is a deliberate literary device employed by Tolstoy, to use French to portray artifice and insincerity as the language of the theater and deceit while Russian emerges as a language of sincerity, honesty and seriousness. It displays slight irony that as Pierre and others socialize and use French phrases, they will be attacked by legions of Bonapartists in a very short time. It is sometimes used in satire against Napoleon. In the novel, when Pierre proposes to Hélène, he speaks to her in French — Je vous aime ('I love you'). When the marriage later emerges to be a sham, Pierre blames those French words.
The use of French diminishes as the book progresses and the wars with the French intensify, culminating in the capture and eventual burning of Moscow. The progressive elimination of French from the text is a means of demonstrating that Russia has freed itself from foreign cultural domination.[14] It is also, at the level of plot development, a way of showing that a once-admired and friendly nation, France, has turned into an enemy. By midway through the book, several of the Russian aristocracy, whose command of French is far better than their command of Russian, are anxious to find Russian tutors for themselves.
[edit] English and other translations
War and Peace has been translated into many languages. It has been translated into English on several occasions, starting with Clara Bell working from a French translation. The translators Constance Garnett and Louise and Aylmer Maude knew Tolstoy personally. Translations have to deal with Tolstoy’s often peculiar syntax and his fondness for repetitions. About 2% of War and Peace is in French; Tolstoy removed the French in a revised 1873 edition, only to restore it later.[14] Most translators follow Garnett retaining some French, Briggs uses no French, while Pevear-Volokhonsky and Amy Mandelker's revision of the Maude translation both retain the French fully.[14] (For a list of translations see below)
Abdulla Qahhor and his wife Kibriyo Qahhorova translated War and Peace into Uzbek.[15]
[edit] Background and historical context
In 1812 by the Russian artist Illarion Pryanishnikov
The novel begins in the year 1805 during the reign of Tsar Alexander I and leads up to the 1812 French invasion of Russia by Napoleon. The era of Catherine the Great (1762–1796), when the royal court in Paris was the centre of western European civilization,[16] is still fresh in the minds of older people. Catherine, fluent in French and wishing to reshape Russia into a great European nation, made French the language of her royal court. For the next one hundred years, it became a social requirement for members of the Russian nobility to speak French and understand French culture.[16] This historical and cultural context in the aristocracy is reflected in War and Peace. Catherine's grandson, Alexander I, came to the throne in 1801 at the age of 24. In the novel, his mother, Marya Feodorovna, is the most powerful woman in the Russian court.
War and Peace tells the story of five aristocratic families — the Bezukhovs, the Bolkonskys, the Rostovs, the Kuragins and the Drubetskoys—and the entanglements of their personal lives with the history of 1805–1813, principally Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812. The Bezukhovs, while very rich, are a fragmented family as the old Count, Kirill Vladimirovich, has fathered dozens of illegitimate sons. The Bolkonskys are an old established and wealthy family based at Bald Hills. Old Prince Bolkonsky, Nikolai Andreevich, served as a general under Catherine the Great, in earlier wars. The Moscow Rostovs have many estates, but never enough cash. They are a closely knit, loving family who live for the moment regardless of their financial situation. The Kuragin family has three children, who are all of questionable character. The Drubetskoy family is of impoverished nobility, and consists of an elderly mother and her only son, Boris, whom she wishes to push up the career ladder.
Tolstoy spent years researching and rewriting the book. He worked from primary source materials (interviews and other documents), as well as from history books, philosophy texts and other historical novels.[8] Tolstoy also used a great deal of his own experience in the Crimean War to bring vivid detail and first-hand accounts of how the Russian army was structured.[17]
The standard Russian text of War and Peace is divided into four books (fifteen parts) and an epilogue in two parts – one mainly narrative, the other thematic. While roughly the first half of the novel is concerned strictly with the fictional characters, the later parts, as well as one of the work's two epilogues, increasingly consist of essays about the nature of war, power, history, and historiography. Tolstoy interspersed these essays into the story in a way that defies previous fictional convention. Certain abridged versions remove these essays entirely, while others, published even during Tolstoy's life, simply moved these essays into an appendix.
[edit] Plot summary
War and Peace has a large cast of characters, the majority of whom are introduced in the first book. Some are actual historical figures, such as Napoleon and Alexander I. While the scope of the novel is vast, it is centered around five aristocratic families. The plot and the interactions of the characters take place in the era surrounding the 1812 French invasion of Russia during the Napoleonic wars.[18]
[edit] Book/Volume One
Empress dowager, Maria Feodorovna, mother of reigning Tsar Alexander I, is the most powerful woman in the Russian royal court, in the historical setting of the novel.
The novel begins in July 1805 in Saint Petersburg, at a soirée given by Anna Pavlovna Scherer — the maid of honour and confidante to the queen mother Maria Feodorovna. Many of the main characters and aristocratic families in the novel are introduced as they enter Anna Pavlovna's salon. Pierre (Pyotr Kirilovich) Bezukhov is the illegitimate son of a wealthy count, an elderly man who is dying after a series of strokes. Pierre is about to become embroiled in a struggle for his inheritance. Educated abroad at his father's expense following his mother's death, Pierre is essentially kindhearted, but socially awkward, and owing in part to his open, benevolent nature, finds it difficult to integrate into Petersburg society. It is known to everyone at the soirée that Pierre is his father's favorite of all the old count’s illegitimate children.
Also attending the soireé is Pierre's friend, the intelligent and sardonic Prince Andrei Nikolayevich Bolkonsky, husband of Lise, the charming society favourite. Finding Petersburg society unctuous and disillusioned with married life after discovering his wife is empty and superficial, Prince Andrei makes the fateful choice to be an aide-de-camp to Prince Mikhail Ilarionovich Kutuzov in the coming war against Napoleon.
The plot moves to Moscow, Russia's ancient city and former capital, contrasting its provincial, more Russian ways to the highly mannered society of Petersburg. The Rostov family are introduced. Count Ilya Andreyevich Rostov has four adolescent children. Thirteen-year-old Natasha (Natalia Ilyinichna) believes herself in love with Boris Drubetskoy, a disciplined young man who is about to join the army as an officer. Twenty-year-old Nikolai Ilyich pledges his teenage love to Sonya (Sofia Alexandrovna), his fifteen-year-old cousin, an orphan who has been brought up by the Rostovs. The eldest child of the Rostov family, Vera Ilyinichna, is cold and somewhat haughty but has a good prospective marriage in a Russian-German officer, Adolf Karlovich Berg. Petya (Pyotr Ilyich) is nine and the youngest of the Rostov family; like his brother, he is impetuous and eager to join the army when of age. The heads of the family, Count Ilya Rostov and Countess Natalya Rostova, are an affectionate couple but forever worried about their disordered finances.
At Bald Hills, the Bolkonskys' country estate, Prince Andrei departs for war and leaves his terrified, pregnant wife Lise with his eccentric father Prince Nikolai Andreyevich Bolkonsky and his devoutly religious sister Maria Nikolayevna Bolkonskaya.
The second part opens with descriptions of the impending Russian-French war preparations. At the Schöngrabern engagement, Nikolai Rostov, who is now conscripted as ensign in a squadron of hussars, has his first taste of battle. He meets Prince Andrei, whom he insults in a fit of impetuousness. Even more than most young soldiers, he is deeply attracted by Tsar Alexander's charisma. Nikolai gambles and socializes with his officer, Vasily Dmitrich Denisov, and befriends the ruthless and perhaps psychopathic Fyodor Ivanovich Dolokhov.
[edit] Book/Volume Two
Scene in Red Square, Moscow, 1801. Oil on canvas by Fedor Yakovlevich Alekseev.
Book Two begins with Nikolai Rostov briefly returning on home leave to Moscow. Nikolai finds the Rostov family facing financial ruin due to poor estate management. He spends an eventful winter at home, accompanied by his friend Denisov, his officer from the Pavlograd Regiment in which he serves. Natasha has blossomed into a beautiful young girl. Denisov falls in love with her, proposes marriage but is rejected. Although his mother pleads with Nikolai to find himself a good financial prospect in marriage, Nikolai refuses to accede to his mother's request. He promises to marry his childhood sweetheart, the dowry-less Sonya.
Pierre Bezukhov, upon finally receiving his massive inheritance, is suddenly transformed from a bumbling young man into the richest and most eligible bachelor in the Russian Empire. Despite rationally knowing that it is wrong, he proposes marriage with Prince Kuragin's beautiful and immoral daughter Hélène (Elena Vasilyevna Kuragina), to whom he is sexually attracted. Hélène, who is rumoured to be involved in an incestuous affair with her brother, the equally charming and immoral Anatol, tells Pierre that she will never have children with him. Hélène has an affair with Dolokhov, who mocks Pierre in public. Pierre loses his temper and challenges Dolokhov, a seasoned dueller and a ruthless killer, to a duel. Unexpectedly, Pierre wounds Dolokhov. Hélène denies her affair, but Pierre is convinced of her guilt and, after almost being violent to her, leaves her. In his moral and spiritual confusion, Pierre joins the Freemasons, and becomes embroiled in Masonic internal politics. Much of Book Two concerns his struggles with his passions and his spiritual conflicts to be a better man. Now a rich aristocrat, he abandons his former carefree behavior and enters upon a philosophical quest particular to Tolstoy: how should one live a moral life in an ethically imperfect world? The question continually baffles and confuses Pierre. He attempts to liberate his serfs, but ultimately achieves nothing of note.
Pierre is vividly contrasted with the intelligent and ambitious Prince Andrei Bolkonsky. At the Battle of Austerlitz, Andrei is inspired by a vision of glory to lead a charge of a straggling army. He suffers a near fatal artillery wound. In the face of death, Andrei realizes all his former ambitions are pointless and his former hero Napoleon (who rescues him in a horseback excursion to the battlefield) is apparently as vain as himself.
Prince Andrei recovers from his injuries in a military hospital and returns home, only to find his wife Lise dying in childbirth. He is stricken by his guilty conscience for not treating Lise better when she was alive and is haunted by the pitiful expression on his dead wife's face. His child, Nikolenka, survives.
Burdened with nihilistic disillusionment, Prince Andrei does not return to the army but chooses to remain on his estate, working on a project that would codify military behavior to solve problems of disorganization responsible for the loss of life on the Russian side. Pierre visits him and brings new questions: where is God in this amoral world? Pierre is interested in panentheism and the possibility of an afterlife.
Pierre's estranged wife, Hélène, begs him to take her back, and against his better judgment he does. Despite her vapid shallowness, Hélène establishes herself as an influential hostess in Petersburg society.
Prince Andrei feels impelled to take his newly written military notions to Petersburg, naively expecting to influence either the Emperor himself or those close to him. Young Natasha, also in Petersburg, is caught up in the excitement of dressing for her first grand ball, where she meets Prince Andrei and briefly reinvigorates him with her vivacious charm. Andrei believes he has found purpose in life again and, after paying the Rostovs several visits, proposes marriage to Natasha. However, old Prince Bolkonsky, Andrei's father, dislikes the Rostovs, opposes the marriage, and insists on a year's delay. Prince Andrei leaves to recuperate from his wounds abroad, leaving Natasha initially distraught. She soon recovers her spirits, however, and Count Rostov takes her and Sonya to spend some time with a friend in Moscow.
Natasha visits the Moscow opera, where she meets Hélène and her brother Anatol. Anatol has since married a Polish woman whom he has abandoned in Poland. He is very attracted to Natasha and is determined to seduce her. Hélène and Anatol conspire together to accomplish this plan. Anatol kisses Natasha and writes her passionate letters, eventually establishing plans to elope. Natasha is convinced that she loves Anatol and writes to Princess Maria, Andrei's sister, breaking off her engagement. At the last moment, Sonya discovers her plans to elope and foils them. Pierre is initially horrified by Natasha's behavior, but realizes he has fallen in love with her. During the time when the Great Comet of 1811–2 streaks the sky, life appears to begin anew for Pierre.
Prince Andrei accepts coldly Natasha's breaking of the engagement. He tells Pierre that his pride will not allow him to renew his proposal. Ashamed, Natasha makes a suicide attempt and is left seriously ill.
[edit] Book/Volume Three
The Battle of Borodino, fought on September 7, 1812 and involving more than 250,000 troops and 70,000 casualties was a pivotal turning point in Napoleon's failed campaign to take Russia. It is vividly depicted in great detail through the plot and characters in War and Peace.
Painting by Louis-François, Baron Lejeune, 1822.
With the help of her family, especially Sonya, and the stirrings of religious faith, Natasha manages to persevere in Moscow through this dark period. Meanwhile, the whole of Russia is affected by the coming confrontation between Napoleon's troops and the Russian army. Pierre convinces himself through gematria that Napoleon is the Antichrist of the Book of Revelation. Old prince Bolkonsky dies of a stroke while trying to protect his estate from French marauders. No organized help from any Russian army seems available to the Bolkonskys, but Nikolai Rostov turns up at their estate in time to help put down an incipient peasant revolt. He finds himself attracted to Princess Maria, but remembers his promise to Sonya.
Back in Moscow, the war-obsessed Petya manages to snatch a loose piece of the Tsar's biscuit outside the Cathedral of the Assumption; he finally convinces his parents to allow him to enlist.
Napoleon himself is a main character in this section of the novel and is presented in vivid detail, as both a thinker and would-be strategist. His toilette and his customary attitudes and traits of mind are depicted in detail. Also described are the well-organized force of over 400,000 French Army (only 140,000 of them actually French-speaking) which marches quickly through the Russian countryside in the late summer and reaches the outskirts of the city of Smolensk. Pierre decides to leave Moscow and go to watch the Battle of Borodino from a vantage point next to a Russian artillery crew. After watching for a time, he begins to join in carrying ammunition. In the midst of the turmoil he experiences firsthand the death and destruction of war. The battle becomes a hideous slaughter for both armies and ends in a standoff. The Russians, however, have won a moral victory by standing up to Napoleon's reputedly invincible army. For strategic reasons and having suffered grievous losses, the Russian army withdraws the next day, allowing Napoleon to march on to Moscow. Among the casualties are Anatol Kuragin and Prince Andrei. Anatol loses a leg, and Andrei suffers a grenade wound in the abdomen. Both are reported dead, but their families are in such disarray that no one can be notified.
[edit] Book/Volume Four
Napoleon's retreat from Moscow. Painting by Adolf Northern (1828–1876)
The Rostovs have waited until the last minute to abandon Moscow, even after it is clear that Kutuzov has retreated past Moscow and Muscovites are being given contradictory, often propagandistic, instructions on how to either flee or fight. Count Rostopchin is publishing posters, rousing the citizens to put their faith in religious icons, while at the same time urging them to fight with pitchforks if necessary. Before fleeing himself, he gives orders to burn the city. The Rostovs have a difficult time deciding what to take with them, but in the end, Natasha convinces them to load their carts with the wounded and dying from the Battle of Borodino. Unknown to Natasha, Prince Andrei is amongst the wounded.
When Napoleon's Grand Army finally occupies an abandoned and burning Moscow, Pierre takes off on a quixotic mission to assassinate Napoleon. He becomes an anonymous man in all the chaos, shedding his responsibilities by wearing peasant clothes and shunning his duties and lifestyle. The only people he sees while in this garb are Natasha and some of her family, as they depart Moscow. Natasha recognizes and smiles at him, and he in turn realizes the full scope of his love for her.
Pierre saves the life of a French officer who fought at Borodino, yet is taken prisoner by the retreating French during his attempted assassination of Napoleon, after saving a woman from being raped by soldiers in the French Army. He becomes friends with a fellow prisoner, Platon Karataev, a peasant with a saintly demeanor, who is incapable of malice. In Karataev, Pierre finally finds what he has been seeking: an honest person of integrity (unlike the aristocrats of Petersburg society) who is utterly without pretense. Pierre discovers meaning in life simply by living and interacting with him. After witnessing French soldiers sacking Moscow and shooting Russian civilians arbitrarily, Pierre is forced to march with the Grand Army during its disastrous retreat from Moscow in the harsh Russian winter. After months of trial and tribulation—during which the fever-plagued Karataev is shot by the French—Pierre is finally freed by a Russian raiding party, after a small skirmish with the French that sees the young Petya Rostov killed in action.
Meanwhile, Andrei, wounded during Napoleon's invasion, has been taken in as a casualty and cared for by the Rostovs, fleeing from Moscow to Yaroslavl. He is reunited with Natasha and his sister Maria before the end of the war. Having lost all will to live, he forgives Natasha in a last act before dying.
As the novel draws to a close, Pierre's wife Hélène dies from an overdose of abortion medication (Tolstoy does not state it explicitly but the euphemism he uses is unambiguous). Pierre is reunited with Natasha, while the victorious Russians rebuild Moscow. Natasha speaks of Prince Andrei's death and Pierre of Karataev's. Both are aware of a growing bond between them in their bereavement. With the help of Princess Maria, Pierre finds love at last and, revealing his love after being released by his former wife's death, marries Natasha.
[edit] Epilogue in two parts
The first part of the epilogue begins with the wedding of Pierre and Natasha in 1813. It is the last happy event for the Rostov family, which is undergoing a transition. Count Rostov dies soon after, leaving his eldest son Nikolai to take charge of the debt-ridden estate.
Nikolai finds himself with the task of maintaining the family on the verge of bankruptcy. His abhorrence at the idea of marrying for wealth almost gets in his way, but finally he marries the now-rich Maria Bolkonskaya and in so doing also saves his family from financial ruin.
Nikolai and Maria then move to Bald Hills with his mother and Sonya, whom he supports for the rest of their life. Buoyed by his wife's fortune, Nikolai pays off all his family's debts. They also raise Prince Andrei's orphaned son, Nikolai Andreyevich (Nikolenka) Bolkonsky.
As in all good marriages, there are misunderstandings, but the couples–Pierre and Natasha, Nikolai and Maria–remain devoted to their spouses. Pierre and Natasha visit Bald Hills in 1820, much to the jubilation of everyone concerned. There is a hint in the closing chapters that the idealistic, boyish Nikolenka and Pierre would both become part of the Decembrist Uprising. The first epilogue concludes with Nikolenka promising he would do something with which even his late father "would be satisfied..." (presumably as a revolutionary in the Decembrist revolt).
The second part of the epilogue contains Tolstoy's critique of all existing forms of mainstream history. He attempts to show that there is a great force behind history, which he first terms divine. He offers the entire book as evidence of this force, and critiques his own work. God, therefore, becomes the word Tolstoy uses to refer to all the forces that produce history, taken together and operating behind the scenes.
[edit] Principal characters in War and Peace
Main article: List of characters in War and Peace
War and Peace character tree
Natasha Rostova by Elisabeth Bohm Count Pyotr Kirillovich (Pierre) Bezukhov — The large-bodied, ungainly, and socially awkward illegitimate son of an old Russian grandee. Pierre, educated abroad, returns to Russia as a misfit. His unexpected inheritance of a large fortune makes him socially desirable. Pierre is the central character and often a voice for Tolstoy's own beliefs or struggles.
Prince Andrei Nikolayevich Bolkonsky — A strong but cynical, thoughtful and philosophical aide-de-camp in the Napoleonic Wars.
Princess Maria Nikolayevna Bolkonskaya — A pious woman whose eccentric father attempted to give her a good education. The caring, nurturing nature of her large eyes in her otherwise thin and plain face are frequently mentioned.
Count Ilya Andreyevich Rostov — The pater-familias of the Rostov family; terrible with finances, generous to a fault.
Countess Natalya Rostova — Wife of Count Ilya Rostov, mother of the four Rostov children.
Countess Natalia Ilyinichna (Natasha) Rostova — A central character, introduced as "not pretty but full of life" and a romantic young girl, she evolves through trials and suffering and eventually finds happiness. She is an accomplished singer and dancer.
Count Nikolai Ilyich Rostov — A hussar, the beloved eldest son of the Rostov family.
Sofia Alexandrovna (Sonya) Rostova — Orphaned cousin of Vera, Nikolai, Natasha, and Petya Rostov.
Countess Vera Ilyinichna Rostova — Eldest of the Rostov children, she marries the German career soldier, Berg.
Pyotr Ilyich (Petya) Rostov — Youngest of the Rostov children.
Prince Vasily Sergeyevich Kuragin — A ruthless man who is determined to marry his children well, despite having doubts about the character of some of them.
Princess Elena Vasilyevna (Hélène) Kuragin — A beautiful and sexually alluring woman who has many affairs, including (it is rumoured) with her brother Anatole.
Prince Anatol Vasilyevich Kuragin — Hélène's brother and a very handsome and amoral pleasure seeker who is secretly married yet tries to elope with Natasha Rostova.
Prince Ipolit Vasilyevich — The eldest and perhaps most dim-witted of the Kuragin children.
Prince Boris Drubetskoy — A poor but aristocratic young man driven by ambition, even at the expense of his friends and benefactors, who marries for money, rather than love, an heiress, Julie Karagina.
Princess Anna Mikhailovna Drubetskaya — The mother of Boris.
Fyodor Ivanovich Dolokhov — A cold, almost psychopathic officer, he ruins Nikolai Rostov by luring him into an outrageous gambling debt (by which he, Dolokhov, profits), he only shows love to his doting mother.
Adolf Karlovich Berg — A young Russian officer, who desires to be just like everyone else.
Anna Pavlovna Sherer — Also known as Annette, she is the hostess of the salon that is the site of much of the novel's action in Petersburg.
Maria Dmitryevna Akhrosimova — An older Moscow society lady, she is an elegant dancer and trend-setter, despite her age and size.
Amalia Evgenyevna Bourienne — A French woman who lives with the Bolkonskys, primarily as Princess Marya's companion.
Vasily Dmitrich Denisov — Nikolai Rostov's friend and brother officer, who proposes to Natasha.
Platon Krataev – The archetypal good Russian peasant, whom Pierre meets in the prisoner of war camp.
Napoleon I of France — the Great Man, whose fate is detailed in the book.
General Mikhail Ilarionovich Kutuzov — Russian commander-in-chief throughout the book. His diligence and modesty eventually save Russia from Napoleon.[citation needed]
Osip Bazdeyev — the Freemason who interests Pierre in his mysterious group, starting a lengthy subplot.[citation needed]
Tsar Alexander I of Russia — He signed a peace treaty with Napoleon in 1807 and then went to war with him.
Many of Tolstoy's characters in War and Peace were based on real-life people known to Tolstoy himself. His grandparents and their friends were the models for many of the main characters, his great-grandparents would have been of the generation of Prince Vasilly or Count Ilya Rostov. Some of the characters, obviously, are actual historic figures.
[edit] Adaptations
[edit] Film
The first Russian adaptation was Война и мир (Voyna i mir) in 1915, which was directed by Vladimir Gardin and starred Gardin and the Russian ballerina Vera Karalli. F. Kamei produced a version in Japan in 1947.
The 208-minute long American 1956 version was directed by King Vidor and starred Audrey Hepburn (Natasha), Henry Fonda (Pierre) and Mel Ferrer (Andrei). Audrey Hepburn was nominated for a BAFTA Award for best British actress and for a Golden Globe Award for best actress in a drama production.
The critically acclaimed four-part 1965 Russian version by the Soviet director Sergei Bondarchuk was released in stages from 1965–1967 and as a re-edited whole in 1968. It starred Lyudmila Savelyeva (as Natasha Rostova) and Vyacheslav Tikhonov (as Andrei Bolkonsky). Bondarchuk himself played the character of Pierre Bezukhov. The film was almost seven hours long; it involved thousands of actors, 120 000 extras, and it took seven years to finish the shooting, as a result of which the actors age changed dramatically from scene to scene. It won an Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film for its authenticity and massive scale.[19] The film is considered the best screen version of the novel.
[edit] Television
War and Peace (1972): The BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) made a television serial based on the novel, broadcast in 1972–73. Anthony Hopkins played the lead role of Pierre. Other lead characters were played by Rupert Davies, Faith Brook, Morag Hood, Alan Dobie, Angela Down and Sylvester Morand. This version faithfully included many of Tolstoy's minor characters, including Platon Karataev (Harry Locke).[20][21]
La guerre et la paix (2000): French TV production of Prokofiev's opera War and Peace, directed by François Roussillon. Robert Brubaker played the lead role of Pierre.[22]
War and Peace (2007): produced by the Italian Lux Vide, a TV mini-series in Russian & English co-produced in Russia, France, Germany, Poland and Italy. Directed by Robert Dornhelm, with screenplay written by Lorenzo Favella, Enrico Medioli and Gavin Scott. It features an international cast with Alexander Beyer playing the lead role of Pierre assisted by Malcolm McDowell, Clémence Poésy, Alessio Boni, Pilar Abella, J. Kimo Arbas, Ken Duken, Juozapas Bagdonas and Toni Bertorelli.[23]
[edit] Opera
Initiated by a proposal of the German director Erwin Piscator in 1938, the Russian composer Sergei Prokofiev composed his opera War and Peace (Op. 91, libretto by Mira Mendelson) based on this epic novel during the 1940s. The complete musical work premiered in Leningrad in 1955. It was the first opera to be given a public performance at the Sydney Opera House (1973).[24]
[edit] Theatre
The first successful stage adaptations of War and Peace were produced by Alfred Neumann and Erwin Piscator (1942, revised 1955, published by Macgibbon & Kee in London 1963, and staged in 16 countries since) and R. Lucas (1943).
A stage adaptation by Helen Edmundson, first produced in 1996 at the Royal National Theatre, was published that year by Nick Hern Books, London. Edmundson added to and amended the play[25] for a 2008 production as two 3-hour parts by Shared Experience, directed by Nancy Meckler and Polly Teale.[26] This was first put on at the Nottingham Playhouse, then toured in the UK to Liverpool, Darlington, Bath, Warwick, Oxford, Truro, London (the Hampstead Theatre) and Cheltenham.
[edit] Radio
The BBC Home Service broadcast an eight-part adaptation by Walter Peacock from 17 January to 7 February 1943 with two episodes on each Sunday. All but the last instalment, which ran for one and a half hours, were one hour long. Leslie Banks played Pierre while Celia Johnson was Natasha.
In December 1970, Pacifica Radio station WBAI broadcast a reading of the entire novel (the 1968 Dunnigan translation) read by over 140 celebrities and ordinary people.[27]
A dramatised full-cast adaptation in 20 parts, edited by Michael Bakewell, was broadcast by the BBC. Transmission Times: 30.12.1969 to 12.5.1970 Cast included: David Buck, Kate Binchy, Martin Jarvis
A dramatised full-cast adaptation in ten parts was written by Marcy Kahan and Mike Walker in 1997 for BBC Radio 4. The production won the 1998 Talkie award for Best Drama and was around 9.5 hours in length. It was directed by Janet Whitaker and featured Simon Russell Beale, Gerard Murphy, Richard Johnson, and others.[28]
[edit] Music
Composition by Nino Rota[29]
Referring to album notes, the first track "The Gates of Delirium", from the album Relayer, by the progressive rock group Yes, is said to be based loosely on the novel.[30]
[edit] Full translations into English
Clara Bell (from a French version) (1885–86)
Nathan Haskell Dole (1898)
Leo Wiener (1904)
Constance Garnett (1904)
Aylmer and Louise Maude (1922–3)
Rosemary Edmonds (1957, revised 1978)
Ann Dunnigan (1968)
Anthony Briggs (2005)
Andrew Bromfield (2007), translation of the first completed draft, approx. 400 pages shorter than other English translations
Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky (2007)
Maude translation revised by Amy Mandelker, Oxford University Press (2010) ISBN 978-0-19-923276-5
[edit] See also
Russia portal
Novels portal
List of characters in War and Peace
List of historical novels
Natasha's Dance by Orlando Figes, a cultural history of Russia using the name of the main female character[31]
[edit] References
1.^ Moser, Charles. 1992. Encyclopedia of Russian Literature. Cambridge University Press. pp. 298–300.
2.^ Thirlwell, Adam "A masterpiece in miniature." London: Guardian UK, October 8, 2005
3.^ Briggs, Anthony. 2005. "Introduction" to War and Peace. Penguin Classics.
4.^ Pevear, Richard (2008). "Introduction". War and Peace. Trans. Pevear; Volokhonsky, Larissa. New York City, New York: Vintage Books. pp. VIII–IX. ISBN 978-1-4000-7998-8.
5.^ a b Knowles, A.V. Leo Tolstoy, Routledge 1997.
6.^ Newsweek's Top 100 Books: The Meta-List, retrieved on 07 July 2009
7.^ Introduction?. Wordsworth Editions. 1993. ISBN 978-1-85326-062-9. Retrieved 2009-03-24.
8.^ a b c d e Kathryn B. Feuer; Robin Feuer Miller; Donna Tussing Orwin (January 2008). Tolstoy and the Genesis of War and Peace. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7447-7. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
9.^ Emerson, Caryl (1985). "The Tolstoy Connection in Bakhtin". PMLA 100 (1): 68–80 (68–71). doi:10.2307/462201. JSTOR 462201.
10.^ Pearson and Volokhonsky op cit.
11.^ "Introduction to War and Peace" by Richard Peaver in Peaver, Richard and Larissa Volokhonsky, War and Peace, 2008, Vintage Classics.
12.^ Greenwood, Edward Baker (1980). "What is War and Peace?". Tolstoy: The Comprehensive Vision. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 83. ISBN 0-416-74130-4.
13.^ Flaitz, Jeffra (1988). The ideology of English: French perceptions of English as a world language. Walter de Gruyter. p. 3. ISBN 3-11-011549-2, 9783110115499. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
14.^ a b c d Figes O (November 22, 2007). "Tolstoy's Real Hero". The New York Review of Books 54 (18).
15.^ "Abdulla Qahhor". Ziyouz. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
16.^ a b Inna, Gorbatov (2006). Catherine the Great and the French philosophers of the Enlightenment: Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot and Grim. Academica Press,LLC. p. 14. ISBN 1-933146-03-6, 9781933146034. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
17.^ Troyat, Henri. Tolstoy, a biography. Doubleday, 1967.
18.^ Randomhouse.com. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2012-01-29.
19.^ "War and Peace (1967)". IMDb.com.
20.^ War and Peace. BBC Two (ended 1973). TV.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-29.
21.^ War & Peace (TV mini-series 1972–1974). IMDb.com
22.^ La guerre et la paix (TV 2000). IMDb.com
23.^ War and Peace (TV mini-series 2007). IMDb.com
24.^ History – highlights. Sydney Opera House. Retrieved on 2012-01-29.
25.^ Cavendish, Dominic (February 11, 2008). "War and Peace: A triumphant Tolstoy". The Daily Telegraph (London).
26.^ War and Peace. Sharedexperience.org.uk
27.^ The War and Peace Broadcast: 35th Anniversary. Pacificaradioarchives.org
28.^ "Marcy Kahan Radio Plays". War And Peace (Radio Dramatization). Retrieved 2010-01-20.
29.^ War and Peace. Billboard.com. June 17, 2008
30.^ Yesworld.com. Yesworld.com (2011-07-12). Retrieved on 2012-01-29.
31.^ Orlando Figes (6 October 2003). Natasha's dance: a cultural history of Russia. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-42195-3. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
[edit] External links
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
War and Peace
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: War and Peace
English audiorecording at LibriVox.org
English translation at gutenberg
Searchable version of the gutenberg text in multiple formats SiSU
War and Peace, complete text with accompanying audio.
Full text of War and Peace in modern Russian orthography
An audio version of Book 1 of War and Peace (other books are available through links).
A searchable online version of Aylmer Maude's English translation of War and Peace
SparkNotes Study Guide for "War and Peace"
Birth, death, balls and battles by Orlando Figes. This is an edited version of an essay found in the Penguin Classics new translation of War and Peace (2005).
Homage to War and Peace Searchable map, compiled by Nicholas Jenkins, of places named in Tolstoy's novel (2008).
Russian Army during the Napoleonic Wars
The War and Peace Broadcast: 35th Anniversary, from Pacifica Radio Archives site
War and Peace at the Internet Book List
Radio documentary about 1970 marathon reading of War and Peace on WBAI, from Democracy Now! program, December 6, 2005
Discussion-Forum at Reading Group Guides
[hide]
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Leo Tolstoy
Biography ·
Bibliography ·
Works ·
Texts
Novels and
novellas
Childhood (1852) ·
Boyhood (1854) ·
Youth (1856) ·
Family Happiness (1859) ·
The Cossacks (1863) ·
War and Peace (1869) ·
Anna Karenina (1877) ·
The Death of Ivan Ilyich (1886) ·
The Kreutzer Sonata (1889) ·
Resurrection (1899) ·
The Forged Coupon (1911) ·
Hadji Murat (1912)
Short stories
"The Raid" (1852) ·
"The Wood-Felling" (1855) ·
"Sevastopol in December 1854" (1855) ·
"Sevastopol in May 1855" (1855) ·
"Sevastopol in August 1855" (1856) ·
"A Billiard-Marker's Notes" (1855) ·
"The Snowstorm" (1856) ·
"Two Hussars" (1856) ·
"A Landlord's Morning" (1856) ·
"Meeting a Moscow Acquaintance in the Detachment" (1856) ·
"Lucerne" (1857) ·
"Albert" (1858) ·
"Three Deaths" (1859) ·
"The Porcelain Doll" (1863) ·
"Polikúshka" (1863) ·
"God Sees the Truth, But Waits" (1872) ·
"The Prisoner in the Caucasus" (1872) ·
"The Bear-Hunt" (1872) ·
"What Men Live By" (1881) ·
"Memoirs of a Madman" (1884) ·
"Quench the Spark" (1885) ·
"Two Old Men" (1885) ·
"Where Love Is, God Is" (1885) ·
"Ivan the Fool" (1885) ·
"Evil Allures, But Good Endures" (1885) ·
"Wisdom of Children" (1885) ·
"Ilyás" (1885) ·
"The Three Hermits" (1886) ·
"Promoting a Devil" (1886) ·
"How Much Land Does a Man Need?" (1886) ·
"The Grain" (1886) ·
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"A Talk Among Leisured People" (1893) ·
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"The Coffee-House of Surrat" (1893) ·
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"Esarhaddon, King of Assyria" (1903) ·
"Work, Death, and Sickness" (1903) ·
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"Alyosha the Pot" (1905) ·
"What For?" (1906) ·
"The Devil" (1911)
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The Power of Darkness (1886) ·
The First Distiller (1886) ·
The Fruits of Enlightenment (1891) ·
The Living Corpse (1900) ·
The Cause of it All (1910) ·
The Light Shines in Darkness
Non-fiction
A Confession (1882) ·
What I Believe (1884) ·
What Is to Be Done? (1886) ·
On Life (1887) ·
The Kingdom of God Is Within You (1894) ·
The Gospel in Brief (1896) ·
What Is Art? (1897) ·
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A Calendar of Wisdom (1910)
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Yasnaya Polyana
busybody..
Literotica Guru
- Joined
- Jul 28, 2002
- Posts
- 149,503
cause economics and NIGGERWHORE go together like turnip seeds and a jack ass
off2bed
Disambiguator
- Joined
- Apr 11, 2008
- Posts
- 16,104
I did contribute something of substance. See the Patton quote above. Your whole premise is absurd, therefore this thread is hereby dismissed.
Peregrinator
Hooded On A Hill
- Joined
- May 27, 2004
- Posts
- 89,482
Are you really going to take the position that nothing in the entire field of economics is established fact? Does that even sound reasonable at all?
How about you address the four points instead of playing a pathetic dodge like this? Or, barring that, why bother posting in the thread at all? Clearly you're motivated by some sort of partisan need to disagree, and you're doing your usual act of coming up with absurd and specious arguments in support of your partisan agenda. Take a break, just this once, and actually engage with a topic.
busybody..
Literotica Guru
- Joined
- Jul 28, 2002
- Posts
- 149,503
didya see this?
you see how ONE number is off?
can you guess which?
Originally Posted by koalabear
#Date Gallons $ $/gallon
#4/25/1979 23.700 00.00 0.0000
04/26/1979 07.500 06.00 0.8000
04/27/1979 10.350 07.75 0.7488
04/29/1979 07.100 05.94 0.8366
04/30/1979 09.310 07.50 0.8056
05/04/1979 13.300 11.20 0.8421
05/07/1979 08.000 06.25 0.7812
05/10/1979 14.500 11.70 0.8069
05/12/1979 06.400 05.20 0.8125
05/15/1979 12.500 10.55 0.8440
05/17/1979 08.600 07.00 0.8140
05/20/1979 14.800 12.60 0.8514
05/25/1979 12.000 10.00 0.8333
05/30/1979 16.900 14.00 0.8284
06/02/1979 18.600 16.00 0.8602
06/04/1979 05.700 05.00 0.8772
06/08/1979 14.300 12.80 0.8951
06/11/1979 15.200 13.50 0.8882
06/14/1979 05.700 05.00 0.8772
06/14/1979 04.600 04.00 0.8696
06/16/1979 03.400 03.00 0.8824
06/18/1979 03.400 03.00 0.8824
06/19/1979 10.000 08.50 0.8500
06/19/1979 03.400 03.00 0.8824
06/21/1979 07.600 06.50 0.8553
06/23/1979 09.200 08.30 0.9022
06/27/1979 10.900 10.00 0.9174
06/29/1979 11.300 09.80 0.8673
07/02/1979 08.800 08.00 0.9091
07/06/1979 11.000 10.00 0.9091
07/08/1979 05.300 05.00 0.9434
07/10/1979 09.000 08.30 0.9222
07/12/1979 06.600 06.00 0.9091
07/14/1979 10.300 10.02 0.9728
07/20/1979 14.000 12.50 0.8929
07/24/1979 07.750 07.00 0.9032
07/28/1979 15.000 13.75 0.9167
07/30/1979 07.700 07.00 0.9091
08/02/1979 10.500 09.90 0.9429
08/08/1979 17.100 16.50 0.9649
08/11/1979 17.400 16.50 0.9483
08/16/1979 14.100 13.60 0.9645
08/20/1979 12.100 15.50 1.2810
08/24/1979 15.200 14.70 0.9671
08/27/1979 11.000 10.00 0.9091
08/30/1979 14.900 14.80 0.9933
09/04/1979 14.100 14.00 0.9929
09/08/1979 13.400 13.40 1.0000
09/10/1979 05.200 05.00 0.9615
09/13/1979 17.800 17.60 0.9888
09/22/1979 17.700 18.00 1.0170
09/24/1979 05.100 05.00 0.9804
09/28/1979 19.700 20.00 1.0150
10/02/1979 13.700 14.20 1.0360
10/05/1979 17.800 18.40 1.0340
10/08/1979 14.100 14.00 0.9929
10/10/1979 15.600 16.20 1.0380
10/15/1979 16.800 16.65 0.9911
10/17/1979 17.700 18.85 1.0650
10/19/1979 14.900 14.75 0.9899
10/22/1979 15.700 15.50 0.9873
10/24/1979 13.600 13.45 0.9890
10/27/1979 17.900 18.30 1.0220
10/31/1979 17.400 17.88 1.0280
11/04/1979 15.000 14.80 0.9867
11/08/1979 15.100 15.00 0.9934
11/12/1979 17.000 17.00 1.0000
11/16/1979 16.000 16.00 1.0000
11/20/1979 15.500 15.50 1.0000
11/24/1979 15.200 15.25 1.0030
11/27/1979 15.000 15.00 1.0000
11/29/1979 13.500 13.50 1.0000
12/04/1979 13.000 13.00 1.0000
12/08/1979 17.400 17.40 1.0000
12/10/1979 14.200 13.75 0.9683
12/13/1979 17.000 17.00 1.0000
12/19/1979 18.100 19.50 1.0770
12/22/1979 14.300 15.00 1.0490
12/26/1979 15.200 17.00 1.1180
12/29/1979 16.900 18.30 1.0830
01/02/1980 17.700 20.00 1.1300
01/07/1980 08.900 10.00 1.1240
01/09/1980 16.700 19.25 1.1530
01/14/1980 18.300 21.00 1.1480
01/16/1980 04.600 05.00 1.0870
01/17/1980 17.900 20.20 1.1280
01/19/1980 17.500 20.70 1.1830
01/23/1980 15.100 18.00 1.1920
01/28/1980 16.800 20.00 1.1900
01/31/1980 08.400 10.00 1.1900
02/01/1980 08.400 10.00 1.1900
02/03/1980 08.500 10.00 1.1760
02/04/1980 14.300 16.60 1.1610
02/07/1980 15.700 18.60 1.1850
02/11/1980 08.200 10.00 1.2200
02/12/1980 15.500 18.90 1.2190
02/15/1980 15.200 19.00 1.2500
02/19/1980 08.400 10.00 1.1900
02/21/1980 14.700 18.20 1.2380
02/23/1980 16.100 20.00 1.2420
02/26/1980 14.800 18.40 1.2430
03/01/1980 04.800 06.00 1.2500
03/04/1980 18.300 23.30 1.2730
03/07/1980 14.900 18.50 1.2420
03/11/1980 16.500 20.50 1.2420
03/13/1980 07.900 10.00 1.2660
03/15/1980 15.900 20.20 1.2700
03/19/1980 17.100 21.75 1.2720
03/21/1980 10.800 15.70 1.4540
03/25/1980 18.900 25.00 1.3230
03/29/1980 14.200 18.00 1.2680
04/01/1980 17.000 21.70 1.2760
04/03/1980 12.300 15.70 1.2760
04/06/1980 12.100 15.30 1.2640
04/08/1980 14.800 20.00 1.3510
04/10/1980 12.200 15.50 1.2700
04/13/1980 12.900 16.50 1.2790
04/16/1980 08.200 10.00 1.2200
04/17/1980 18.100 23.00 1.2710
04/21/1980 18.900 25.00 1.3230
04/25/1980 18.200 24.00 1.3190
04/29/1980 07.600 10.00 1.3160
04/30/1980 07.600 10.00 1.3160
05/01/1980 12.000 15.35 1.2790
05/03/1980 10.500 13.40 1.2760
05/06/1980 18.900 25.00 1.3230
05/08/1980 09.500 12.30 1.2950
05/10/1980 12.700 16.20 1.2760
05/12/1980 08.100 10.00 1.2350
05/13/1980 12.800 16.40 1.2810
05/15/1980 13.100 16.80 1.2820
05/21/1980 19.500 25.50 1.3080
05/23/1980 10.300 13.25 1.2860
05/26/1980 07.600 10.00 1.3160
05/27/1980 07.600 10.00 1.3160
05/28/1980 07.600 10.00 1.3160
05/30/1980 17.200 22.00 1.2790
06/03/1980 08.100 10.00 1.2350
06/04/1980 15.100 19.40 1.2850
06/06/1980 12.100 15.50 1.2810
06/10/1980 07.800 10.00 1.2820
06/12/1980 18.000 23.00 1.2780
06/14/1980 13.300 17.05 1.2820
06/19/1980 15.600 20.00 1.2820
06/23/1980 07.800 10.00 1.2820
06/25/1980 18.200 23.30 1.2800
06/27/1980 13.700 17.60 1.2850
06/30/1980 11.700 15.00 1.2820
07/01/1980 11.700 15.00 1.2820
07/03/1980 14.800 19.00 1.2840
07/09/1980 17.400 22.40 1.2870
07/12/1980 07.800 10.00 1.2820
07/14/1980 07.800 10.00 1.2820
07/15/1980 15.900 19.00 1.1950
07/17/1980 15.800 20.20 1.2780
07/19/1980 15.400 19.75 1.2820
07/25/1980 07.800 10.00 1.2820
07/28/1980 15.500 20.00 1.2900
07/30/1980 08.000 10.00 1.2500
08/01/1980 07.800 10.00 1.2820
08/02/1980 15.600 20.40 1.3080
08/04/1980 15.800 20.25 1.2820
08/07/1980 07.800 10.00 1.2820
08/08/1980 07.800 10.00 1.2820
08/09/1980 14.400 18.40 1.2780
08/13/1980 07.800 10.00 1.2820
08/14/1980 07.900 10.00 1.2660
08/15/1980 17.900 22.25 1.2430
08/19/1980 14.200 18.30 1.2890
08/22/1980 17.600 22.50 1.2780
08/24/1980 10.600 13.60 1.2830
08/26/1980 18.600 24.00 1.2900
08/28/1980 15.600 20.00 1.2820
08/31/1980 13.700 17.50 1.2770
09/02/1980 08.300 10.00 1.2050
09/04/1980 19.500 25.00 1.2820
09/08/1980 18.000 23.00 1.2780
09/12/1980 19.800 24.50 1.2370
09/16/1980 17.400 22.30 1.2820
09/19/1980 16.000 20.50 1.2810
09/22/1980 18.300 23.40 1.2790
09/25/1980 18.300 22.50 1.2300
09/28/1980 19.600 25.75 1.3140
10/02/1980 18.300 24.00 1.3110
10/06/1980 18.000 23.00 1.2780
10/12/1980 07.800 10.00 1.2820
10/13/1980 15.700 20.00 1.2740
10/15/1980 17.200 22.00 1.2790
10/19/1980 17.400 22.20 1.2760
10/23/1980 18.000 23.00 1.2780
10/26/1980 18.900 24.10 1.2750
10/29/1980 17.100 21.80 1.2750
10/31/1980 18.400 23.80 1.2930
11/04/1980 17.200 22.00 1.2790
11/07/1980 16.000 21.00 1.3120
11/12/1980 19.800 26.00 1.3130
11/17/1980 20.200 26.00 1.2870
11/20/1980 17.100 22.00 1.2870
11/24/1980 16.400 21.45 1.3080
11/29/1980 18.500 24.25 1.3110
12/02/1980 16.800 22.00 1.3100
12/06/1980 20.600 27.00 1.3110
12/12/1980 19.800 26.00 1.3130
12/17/1980 07.500 10.00 1.3330
12/19/1980 07.900 10.00 1.2660
12/20/1980 20.700 27.60 1.3330
12/25/1980 16.150 20.01 1.2390
12/28/1980 16.143 20.00 1.2390
12/31/1980 19.600 26.50 1.3520
01/03/1981 15.900 21.50 1.3520
01/08/1981 17.800 24.00 1.3480
01/13/1981 20.400 27.00 1.3240
01/16/1981 14.700 20.00 1.3610
01/19/1981 20.600 28.50 1.3830
01/22/1981 11.100 15.00 1.3510
01/24/1981 18.900 26.50 1.4020
01/28/1981 16.100 22.50 1.3980
01/31/1981 17.100 24.00 1.4040
02/04/1981 18.400 25.80 1.4020
02/09/1981 07.300 10.00 1.3700
02/09/1981 15.400 22.00 1.4290
02/12/1981 16.500 24.00 1.4550
02/16/1981 06.800 10.00 1.4710
02/17/1981 15.200 21.50 1.4140
02/20/1981 15.800 23.30 1.4750
02/25/1981 14.500 21.35 1.4720
03/02/1981 19.700 29.00 1.4720
03/05/1981 15.800 22.00 1.3920
03/08/1981 17.700 26.00 1.4690
03/12/1981 15.400 22.70 1.4740
03/14/1981 11.200 16.60 1.4820
03/18/1981 18.500 27.45 1.4840
03/21/1981 13.600 20.00 1.4710
03/23/1981 12.600 18.60 1.4760
03/26/1981 15.400 22.75 1.4770
03/28/1981 12.600 18.65 1.4800
03/30/1981 13.200 19.50 1.4770
04/02/1981 16.200 24.00 1.4810
04/06/1981 16.000 23.65 1.4780
04/09/1981 17.500 26.00 1.4860
04/13/1981 13.500 20.00 1.4810
04/16/1981 15.200 22.50 1.4800
04/20/1981 14.900 22.00 1.4770
04/24/1981 13.900 20.60 1.4820
05/01/1981 18.400 27.25 1.4810
05/05/1981 14.200 21.00 1.4790
05/08/1981 18.900 28.00 1.4810
05/12/1981 16.400 24.25 1.4790
05/15/1981 16.000 23.75 1.4840
05/20/1981 16.300 24.00 1.4720
05/23/1981 15.800 22.20 1.4050
05/28/1981 14.900 20.85 1.3990
06/01/1981 14.100 19.70 1.3970
06/04/1981 16.400 23.00 1.4020
06/09/1981 17.400 24.40 1.4020
06/12/1981 15.300 21.50 1.4050
06/17/1981 16.400 23.00 1.4020
06/22/1981 15.100 21.00 1.3910
06/26/1981 19.900 27.70 1.3920
07/02/1981 18.700 26.00 1.3900
07/07/1981 15.800 22.00 1.3920
07/10/1981 14.200 19.65 1.3840
07/15/1981 16.100 22.20 1.3790
07/18/1981 15.400 21.25 1.3800
07/22/1981 16.900 22.45 1.3280
07/27/1981 19.500 27.00 1.3850
07/30/1981 15.900 21.90 1.3770
08/04/1981 15.900 22.00 1.3840
08/07/1981 16.700 23.00 1.3770
08/12/1981 19.000 26.00 1.3680
08/17/1981 15.900 22.00 1.3840
08/22/1981 20.300 28.00 1.3790
08/27/1981 21.000 29.00 1.3810
08/28/1981 06.300 08.75 1.3890
08/31/1981 14.600 21.00 1.4380
09/03/1981 14.900 20.60 1.3830
09/07/1981 17.400 24.00 1.3790
09/10/1981 07.260 10.00 1.3770
09/11/1981 03.700 05.00 1.3510
09/14/1981 19.500 27.00 1.3850
09/18/1981 19.600 27.00 1.3780
09/23/1981 19.400 26.75 1.3790
09/28/1981 18.800 26.00 1.3830
10/01/1981 15.900 22.00 1.3840
10/05/1981 15.900 22.00 1.3840
10/08/1981 16.700 23.10 1.3830
10/13/1981 18.800 26.00 1.3830
10/19/1981 18.900 26.15 1.3840
10/22/1981 14.500 20.00 1.3790
10/26/1981 14.500 20.00 1.3790
10/30/1981 20.300 28.00 1.3790
11/03/1981 15.700 21.75 1.3850
11/09/1981 23.200 32.00 1.3790
11/12/1981 14.500 20.00 1.3790
11/18/1981 19.200 26.50 1.3800
11/23/1981 16.500 22.75 1.3790
11/27/1981 19.100 26.30 1.3770
12/04/1981 15.200 21.00 1.3820
12/09/1981 19.800 27.30 1.3790
12/12/1981 14.700 20.25 1.3780
12/16/1981 16.100 22.50 1.3980
12/19/1981 16.800 23.50 1.3990
12/24/1981 15.700 22.00 1.4010
12/26/1981 18.200 25.50 1.4010
12/30/1981 15.700 22.00 1.4010
01/02/1982 15.400 21.65 1.4060
01/06/1982 16.800 23.50 1.3990
01/09/1982 15.000 21.00 1.4000
01/13/1982 18.600 26.00 1.3980
01/18/1982 15.700 22.00 1.4010
01/21/1982 15.200 21.30 1.4010
01/26/1982 16.000 22.40 1.4000
01/29/1982 15.700 22.00 1.4010
02/03/1982 16.900 23.70 1.4020
02/09/1982 17.100 24.00 1.4040
02/12/1982 15.400 21.00 1.3640
02/16/1982 16.500 22.50 1.3640
02/20/1982 07.700 10.00 1.2990
02/23/1982 15.700 20.50 1.3060
02/26/1982 15.700 21.40 1.3630
03/02/1982 17.100 23.25 1.3600
03/05/1982 15.600 21.00 1.3460
03/09/1982 17.000 22.55 1.3260
03/13/1982 18.200 24.00 1.3190
03/18/1982 18.400 24.00 1.3040
03/22/1982 15.400 20.00 1.2990
03/25/1982 15.500 20.20 1.3030
03/30/1982 17.200 21.80 1.2670
04/02/1982 16.100 20.15 1.2520
04/06/1982 19.200 24.00 1.2500
04/10/1982 21.800 28.80 1.3210
04/15/1982 18.400 23.00 1.2500
04/19/1982 16.800 21.00 1.2500
04/22/1982 16.000 20.00 1.2500
04/26/1982 15.000 19.05 1.2700
04/29/1982 15.800 20.40 1.2910
08/06/1982 15.200 21.70 1.4280
08/08/1982 17.900 25.10 1.4020
08/11/1982 18.500 26.30 1.4220
08/19/1982 21.100 30.00 1.4220
09/04/1982 16.900 24.00 1.4200
09/14/1982 19.400 28.50 1.4690
09/25/1982 13.400 19.10 1.4250
10/08/1982 14.400 19.97 1.3870
10/10/1982 13.700 19.50 1.4230
10/28/1982 12.300 17.11 1.3910
10/31/1982 10.700 14.40 1.3460
11/12/1982 12.800 17.80 1.3910
11/14/1982 12.000 17.00 1.4170
11/24/1982 18.600 27.92 1.5010
11/27/1982 16.900 24.00 1.4200
12/15/1982 19.300 26.00 1.3470
12/24/1982 17.000 24.00 1.4120
01/03/1983 18.400 25.95 1.4100
01/07/1983 14.600 20.65 1.4140
01/15/1983 16.338 24.00 1.4690
01/16/1983 08.900 12.50 1.4040
02/02/1983 17.900 22.75 1.2710
02/06/1983 12.600 17.50 1.3890
02/18/1983 13.400 17.00 1.2690
02/20/1983 08.900 12.40 1.3930
03/09/1983 16.700 21.00 1.2570
03/16/1983 17.200 23.60 1.3720
04/06/1983 15.900 20.65 1.2990
04/10/1983 17.400 25.74 1.4790
04/13/1983 10.200 13.30 1.3040
04/14/1983 13.500 18.00 1.3330
05/09/1983 17.300 23.30 1.3470
05/20/1983 15.100 22.50 1.4900
05/28/1983 15.300 22.75 1.4870
06/10/1983 14.100 19.50 1.3830
06/12/1983 10.100 12.20 1.2080
06/21/1983 16.700 23.00 1.3770
07/03/1983 13.100 19.50 1.4890
07/06/1983 13.100 18.00 1.3740
07/06/1983 09.200 13.70 1.4890
07/11/1983 20.700 28.50 1.3770
07/24/1983 13.250 16.00 1.2080
08/08/1983 13.400 18.50 1.3810
08/14/1983 15.500 18.70 1.2060
08/25/1983 09.400 14.00 1.4890
09/06/1983 21.000 29.00 1.3810
09/11/1983 14.100 17.00 1.2060
09/24/1983 20.400 28.15 1.3800
10/02/1983 15.100 20.00 1.3250
10/15/1983 21.600 29.80 1.3800
10/23/1983 11.800 14.25 1.2080
11/01/1983 20.500 27.00 1.3170
11/22/1983 14.000 18.15 1.2960
11/28/1983 09.300 11.00 1.1830
12/01/1983 14.500 18.60 1.2830
12/03/1983 10.300 14.00 1.3590
12/12/1983 19.700 25.25 1.2820
12/16/1983 13.000 18.00 1.3850
12/17/1983 10.900 14.00 1.2840
12/29/1983 18.000 21.22 1.1790
01/01/1984 13.611 17.00 1.2490
01/14/1984 16.142 20.00 1.2390
01/25/1984 14.939 20.00 1.3390
02/08/1984 16.014 20.00 1.2490
02/22/1984 16.142 20.00 1.2390
03/03/1984 16.142 20.00 1.2390
03/12/1984 08.071 10.00 1.2390
03/17/1984 16.143 20.00 1.2390
03/26/1984 16.013 20.00 1.2490
04/06/1984 20.059 25.25 1.2590
04/08/1984 17.152 20.00 1.1660
04/08/1984 06.900 09.50 1.3770
04/13/1984 15.886 20.00 1.2590
04/26/1984 15.887 20.00 1.2590
04/30/1984 15.887 20.00 1.2590
05/10/1984 15.886 20.00 1.2590
05/19/1984 17.076 21.50 1.2590
05/28/1984 20.300 28.60 1.4090
06/02/1984 14.200 20.00 1.4080
06/08/1984 08.201 10.00 1.2190
06/17/1984 08.073 10.00 1.2390
06/25/1984 08.139 10.00 1.2290
07/02/1984 08.200 10.00 1.2200
07/08/1984 09.025 11.00 1.2190
07/13/1984 18.456 22.50 1.2190
07/15/1984 10.010 12.00 1.1990
07/21/1984 08.201 10.00 1.2190
07/30/1984 04.099 05.00 1.2200
08/03/1984 11.818 15.00 1.2690
08/04/1984 18.450 22.50 1.2200
08/09/1984 15.758 20.00 1.2690
08/12/1984 14.350 17.50 1.2200
08/18/1984 11.428 14.50 1.2690
08/27/1984 03.847 05.00 1.3000
09/01/1984 07.758 10.00 1.2890
09/06/1984 03.879 05.00 1.2890
09/12/1984 07.758 10.00 1.2890
09/18/1984 07.758 10.00 1.2890
09/21/1984 07.758 10.00 1.2890
09/30/1984 07.758 10.00 1.2890
10/08/1984 03.879 05.00 1.2890
10/11/1984 07.758 10.00 1.2890
10/15/1984 07.758 10.00 1.2890
10/24/1984 15.516 20.00 1.2890
11/02/1984 13.574 17.50 1.2890
11/08/1984 07.758 10.00 1.2890
11/14/1984 07.758 10.00 1.2890
11/22/1984 03.879 05.00 1.2890
11/23/1984 17.841 23.00 1.2890
11/25/1984 17.600 21.50 1.2220
11/28/1984 07.758 10.00 1.2890
12/05/1984 07.758 10.00 1.2890
12/14/1984 08.138 10.00 1.2290
12/22/1984 08.137 10.00 1.2290
12/28/1984 08.138 10.00 1.2290
01/04/1985 16.273 20.00 1.2290
01/05/1985 05.897 07.25 1.2290
01/07/1985 15.900 19.36 1.2180
01/09/1985 16.680 20.00 1.1990
01/10/1985 13.830 17.00 1.2290
01/23/1985 17.105 20.00 1.1690
02/07/1985 14.968 17.50 1.1690
03/07/1985 18.765 22.50 1.1990
03/16/1985 10.200 12.00 1.1760
03/31/1985 16.141 20.00 1.2390
04/09/1985 14.100 17.50 1.2410
04/20/1985 15.638 20.00 1.2790
05/09/1985 07.699 10.00 1.2990
05/10/1985 12.900 16.00 1.2400
05/11/1985 09.179 10.00 1.0890
05/24/1985 15.887 20.00 1.2590
06/11/1985 16.014 20.00 1.2490
07/01/1985 16.408 20.00 1.2190
07/24/1985 08.138 10.00 1.2290
08/05/1985 16.408 20.00 1.2190
08/15/1985 07.983 10.00 1.2530
08/22/1985 06.355 07.75 1.2200
08/27/1985 12.100 15.00 1.2400
08/31/1985 14.010 17.50 1.2490
09/11/1985 19.304 24.50 1.2690
09/17/1985 10.100 12.00 1.1880
09/30/1985 20.488 26.00 1.2690
10/18/1985 07.884 10.00 1.2680
10/20/1985 11.200 14.00 1.2500
10/31/1985 07.092 09.00 1.2690
11/08/1985 15.758 20.00 1.2690
11/10/1985 09.600 12.00 1.2500
11/21/1985 15.395 20.00 1.2990
11/27/1985 10.392 13.50 1.2990
11/30/1985 09.200 11.50 1.2500
12/09/1985 12.316 16.00 1.2990
12/17/1985 14.627 19.00 1.2990
12/24/1985 08.000 10.00 1.2500
12/31/1985 12.800 16.00 1.2500
01/03/1986 13.610 17.00 1.2490
01/04/1986 12.132 16.00 1.3190
01/22/1986 08.341 10.00 1.1990
02/01/1986 16.680 19.33 1.1590
02/17/1986 08.629 10.00 1.1590
02/25/1986 12.938 15.00 1.1590
03/11/1986 16.993 18.00 1.0590
03/26/1986 17.794 16.00 0.8992
04/04/1986 07.674 06.75 0.8796
04/07/1986 15.400 14.50 0.9416
04/10/1986 11.374 10.00 0.8792
04/21/1986 20.949 18.00 0.8592
05/13/1986 20.313 14.00 0.6892
05/22/1986 04.451 04.00 0.8987
05/23/1986 08.500 08.50 1.0000
05/26/1986 16.620 15.60 0.9386
06/01/1986 20.017 18.00 0.8992
06/25/1986 13.900 16.00 1.1510
07/06/1986 11.245 10.00 0.8893
07/20/1986 18.624 16.00 0.8591
08/14/1986 19.069 15.24 0.7992
08/30/1986 10.633 08.50 0.7994
09/05/1986 18.040 15.50 0.8592
09/07/1986 08.500 08.00 0.9412
09/19/1986 20.370 17.50 0.8591
10/09/1986 13.390 11.50 0.8588
10/12/1986 07.200 06.50 0.9028
10/22/1986 18.630 16.00 0.8588
11/13/1986 18.040 15.50 0.8592
11/16/1986 09.500 09.00 0.9474
11/26/1986 18.040 15.50 0.8592
11/30/1986 13.300 12.50 0.9398
12/14/1986 20.370 17.50 0.8591
01/04/1987 18.700 18.50 0.9893
02/01/1987 21.000 21.02 1.0010
02/08/1987 13.750 14.00 1.0180
02/21/1987 19.020 19.00 0.9989
03/13/1987 13.010 13.00 0.9992
03/20/1987 16.700 17.00 1.0180
04/06/1987 19.176 21.00 1.0950
05/01/1987 13.698 15.00 1.0950
05/03/1987 09.000 09.00 1.0000
05/11/1987 18.090 18.00 0.9950
05/26/1987 09.000 09.00 1.0000
05/28/1987 17.609 18.70 1.0620
06/03/1987 17.158 18.00 1.0490
06/30/1987 19.066 20.00 1.0490
07/14/1987 17.982 18.50 1.0290
07/31/1987 19.069 20.00 1.0490
08/20/1987 20.772 22.00 1.0590
09/04/1987 14.423 16.00 1.1090
09/14/1987 19.068 20.00 1.0490
10/03/1987 18.113 19.00 1.0490
10/07/1987 05.721 06.00 1.0490
10/09/1987 18.400 20.00 1.0870
10/11/1987 06.400 07.00 1.0940
10/17/1987 04.766 05.00 1.0490
10/23/1987 09.439 10.00 1.0590
10/28/1987 04.719 05.00 1.0600
11/04/1987 17.937 19.00 1.0590
11/22/1987 11.117 12.00 1.0790
11/28/1987 09.268 10.00 1.0790
12/11/1987 17.607 20.00 1.1360
12/21/1987 02.755 03.00 1.0890
12/23/1987 19.286 21.00 1.0890
12/31/1987 09.600 10.00 1.0420
01/03/1988 08.700 09.00 1.0340
01/05/1988 09.440 10.00 1.0590
01/14/1988 17.771 19.00 1.0690
02/01/1988 09.534 10.00 1.0490
02/08/1988 18.285 19.00 1.0390
02/21/1988 21.018 21.00 0.9991
03/16/1988 17.360 17.00 0.9793
03/31/1988 18.060 17.50 0.9690
04/15/1988 05.104 05.00 0.9796
04/19/1988 17.194 17.00 0.9887
05/07/1988 10.007 10.00 0.9993
05/18/1988 05.006 05.00 0.9988
05/23/1988 10.010 10.00 0.9990
06/29/1988 18.016 18.00 0.9991
07/22/1988 18.109 19.00 1.0490
08/10/1988 17.329 18.00 1.0390
08/30/1988 17.155 18.00 1.0490
09/12/1988 04.763 05.00 1.0500
09/13/1988 14.298 15.00 1.0490
09/15/1988 04.762 05.00 1.0500
09/26/1988 19.063 20.00 1.0490
10/03/1988 19.065 20.00 1.0490
10/11/1988 17.490 18.00 1.0290
10/19/1988 17.490 18.00 1.0290
10/25/1988 04.857 05.00 1.0290
10/26/1988 04.500 05.00 1.1110
11/03/1988 09.355 10.00 1.0690
11/06/1988 15.546 16.00 1.0290
11/13/1988 15.545 16.00 1.0290
11/30/1988 17.660 18.00 1.0190
12/05/1988 09.719 10.00 1.0290
12/10/1988 04.907 05.00 1.0190
12/12/1988 09.814 10.00 1.0190
12/16/1988 09.814 10.00 1.0190
12/21/1988 09.814 10.00 1.0190
12/31/1988 19.625 20.00 1.0190
01/10/1989 15.012 15.00 0.9992
01/18/1989 10.011 10.00 0.9989
01/23/1989 20.019 20.00 0.9991
02/04/1989 04.700 05.00 1.0640
02/07/1989 18.644 19.00 1.0190
02/16/1989 09.430 10.00 1.0600
02/20/1989 17.515 17.50 0.9991
03/03/1989 17.021 17.00 0.9988
03/26/1989 18.647 19.00 1.0190
04/01/1989 18.112 19.00 1.0490
04/10/1989 17.774 19.00 1.0690
04/18/1989 20.016 22.00 1.0990
04/27/1989 18.650 20.50 1.0990
05/06/1989 18.764 21.00 1.1190
05/15/1989 08.933 10.00 1.1190
05/19/1989 17.560 20.00 1.1390
05/23/1989 08.858 10.00 1.1290
05/27/1989 16.829 19.00 1.1290
06/05/1989 17.715 20.00 1.1290
06/24/1989 08.705 10.00 1.1490
06/30/1989 17.106 20.00 1.1690
07/07/1989 15.188 17.00 1.1190
07/15/1989 17.558 20.00 1.1390
07/27/1989 18.436 21.00 1.1390
07/31/1989 17.555 20.00 1.1390
10/02/1989 04.546 05.00 1.1000
10/05/1989 09.099 10.00 1.0990
10/11/1989 16.379 18.00 1.0990
10/25/1989 17.209 19.00 1.1040
11/12/1989 16.527 18.00 1.0890
11/23/1989 16.530 18.00 1.0890
12/04/1989 16.529 18.00 1.0890
12/16/1989 18.194 20.00 1.0990
01/04/1990 18.934 21.00 1.1090
01/26/1990 18.273 21.00 1.1490
02/10/1990 18.275 21.00 1.1490
02/20/1990 17.404 20.00 1.1490
03/07/1990 17.256 20.00 1.1590
03/22/1990 12.941 15.00 1.1590
04/04/1990 18.980 22.00 1.1590
04/20/1990 08.479 10.00 1.1790
04/28/1990 08.627 10.00 1.1590
05/05/1990 08.625 10.00 1.1590
05/12/1990 08.555 10.00 1.1690
05/19/1990 16.822 20.00 1.1890
06/05/1990 17.897 22.00 1.2290
06/22/1990 16.273 20.00 1.2290
07/17/1990 18.867 23.00 1.2190
08/03/1990 08.203 10.00 1.2190
08/10/1990 18.764 24.00 1.2790
08/28/1990 14.934 20.00 1.3390
09/12/1990 14.503 20.00 1.3790
09/25/1990 17.617 25.00 1.4190
10/14/1990 13.081 20.00 1.5290
10/26/1990 18.432 28.00 1.5190
11/15/1990 13.340 20.00 1.4990
12/05/1990 06.495 10.00 1.5400
12/10/1990 13.167 20.00 1.5190
12/27/1990 18.894 27.00 1.4290
01/15/1991 18.533 25.00 1.3490
02/07/1991 16.009 20.00 1.2490
02/21/1991 19.348 23.00 1.1890
03/08/1991 19.143 22.00 1.1490
03/23/1991 06.483 07.00 1.0800
04/02/1991 18.597 21.00 1.1290
04/22/1991 20.373 23.00 1.1290
05/10/1991 19.526 24.00 1.2290
06/06/1991 19.060 24.00 1.2590
06/29/1991 19.531 24.00 1.2290
07/23/1991 20.506 25.00 1.2190
08/11/1991 17.224 21.00 1.2190
08/27/1991 19.698 25.00 1.2690
09/12/1991 19.700 25.00 1.2690
10/03/1991 19.702 25.00 1.2690
10/22/1991 20.329 26.00 1.2790
11/12/1991 17.570 23.00 1.3090
12/02/1991 17.982 23.00 1.2790
12/29/1991 19.213 24.00 1.2490
01/19/1992 19.025 23.00 1.2090
02/05/1992 17.962 21.00 1.1690
02/29/1992 18.499 22.00 1.1890
03/16/1992 19.392 19.00 0.9798
04/04/1992 16.963 20.00 1.1790
04/15/1992 11.389 14.00 1.2290
05/20/1992 17.474 22.00 1.2590
06/09/1992 03.851 05.00 1.2980
06/17/1992 16.683 22.00 1.3190
07/05/1992 17.569 23.00 1.3090
07/25/1992 17.842 23.00 1.2890
08/13/1992 17.981 23.00 1.2790
09/02/1992 19.703 25.00 1.2690
09/27/1992 07.940 10.00 1.2590
10/02/1992 17.614 22.00 1.2490
10/26/1992 20.178 25.00 1.2390
11/13/1992 18.412 23.00 1.2490
12/01/1992 18.564 23.00 1.2390
12/16/1992 17.899 22.00 1.2290
01/11/1993 20.677 25.00 1.2090
01/27/1993 18.345 22.00 1.1990
02/08/1993 15.011 18.00 1.1990
02/18/1993 15.977 19.00 1.1890
03/01/1993 18.501 22.00 1.1890
03/10/1993 16.540 20.00 1.2090
03/29/1993 17.902 22.00 1.2290
04/12/1993 16.948 21.00 1.2390
04/27/1993 17.753 22.00 1.2390
05/11/1993 18.416 23.00 1.2490
05/29/1993 18.267 23.00 1.2590
06/20/1993 20.175 25.00 1.2390
07/27/1993 20.339 25.00 1.2290
08/14/1993 19.022 23.00 1.2090
09/08/1993 19.850 24.00 1.2090
09/25/1993 19.344 23.00 1.1890
10/18/1993 21.326 26.00 1.2190
11/09/1993 19.848 24.00 1.2090
11/22/1993 19.849 24.00 1.2090
12/08/1993 20.181 24.00 1.1890
01/06/1994 19.675 25.00 1.2710
01/24/1994 18.452 24.00 1.3010
02/11/1994 19.506 23.00 1.1790
03/02/1994 20.528 24.00 1.1690
03/21/1994 19.506 23.00 1.1790
04/09/1994 20.018 24.00 1.1990
04/25/1994 12.205 15.00 1.2290
05/18/1994 19.185 23.00 1.1990
06/21/1994 17.615 22.00 1.2490
07/07/1994 12.807 16.00 1.2490
07/21/1994 17.333 22.00 1.2690
08/13/1994 19.715 26.00 1.3190
09/06/1994 19.860 26.00 1.3090
10/01/1994 19.394 25.00 1.2890
11/01/1994 20.013 26.00 1.2990
11/29/1994 19.393 25.00 1.2890
12/31/1994 18.055 24.00 1.3290
01/28/1995 19.242 25.00 1.2990
02/17/1995 19.560 26.00 1.3290
03/26/1995 19.547 25.00 1.2790
04/21/1995 19.561 26.00 1.3290
05/19/1995 20.014 28.00 1.3990
06/08/1995 15.010 21.00 1.3990
07/04/1995 20.301 28.00 1.3790
08/10/1995 19.565 26.00 1.3290
09/12/1995 18.955 25.00 1.3190
10/10/1995 19.061 24.00 1.2590
11/04/1995 16.270 20.00 1.2290
11/28/1995 19.371 24.00 1.2390
01/08/1996 18.267 23.00 1.2590
02/16/1996 20.015 26.00 1.2990
03/18/1996 18.951 25.00 1.3190
05/04/1996 19.460 28.00 1.4390
06/01/1996 18.760 27.00 1.4390
06/25/1996 12.472 17.70 1.4190
07/05/1996 14.434 19.90 1.3790
07/10/1996 04.857 06.60 1.3590
07/11/1996 09.796 14.00 1.4290
07/12/1996 04.548 06.50 1.4290
07/15/1996 13.924 19.90 1.4290
07/25/1996 13.615 18.50 1.3590
08/19/1996 13.768 18.30 1.3290
09/13/1996 12.811 16.90 1.3190
09/21/1996 12.508 17.50 1.3990
09/22/1996 09.151 12.80 1.3990
10/05/1996 13.463 18.30 1.3590
11/05/1996 14.225 19.90 1.3990
11/29/1996 13.631 18.80 1.3790
12/19/1996 12.760 17.60 1.3790
12/21/1996 13.039 18.50 1.4190
12/27/1996 04.583 06.50 1.4190
01/07/1997 13.893 19.30 1.3890
02/09/1997 13.147 18.00 1.3690
02/28/1997 14.556 19.20 1.3190
03/27/1997 14.326 18.90 1.3190
04/10/1997 04.925 06.40 1.2990
04/14/1997 13.916 19.75 1.4190
04/23/1997 14.163 18.40 1.2990
05/26/1997 13.960 19.25 1.3790
06/25/1997 14.009 18.90 1.3490
07/19/1997 14.022 18.50 1.3190
08/04/1997 13.589 18.20 1.3390
08/27/1997 13.899 20.00 1.4390
09/22/1997 09.576 13.40 1.3990
09/26/1997 07.076 09.90 1.3990
09/30/1997 14.037 20.20 1.4390
10/08/1997 14.117 19.75 1.3990
10/30/1997 14.750 19.75 1.3390
12/13/1997 14.239 18.50 1.2990
12/21/1997 06.204 08.00 1.2890
12/21/1997 09.379 12.75 1.3590
12/28/1997 08.961 12.00 1.3390
12/28/1997 08.403 10.75 1.2790
01/17/1998 14.031 17.95 1.2790
02/07/1998 13.720 17.00 1.2390
03/02/1998 13.957 17.15 1.2290
03/30/1998 14.558 17.75 1.2100
04/09/1998 05.043 06.15 1.2190
04/12/1998 13.259 16.30 1.2290
04/15/1998 08.745 10.75 1.2290
04/27/1998 15.221 18.25 1.1990
05/16/1998 14.609 18.25 1.2490
06/06/1998 13.840 17.15 1.2390
06/30/1998 13.798 17.10 1.2390
07/27/1998 13.374 16.30 1.2190
08/20/1998 13.802 17.10 1.2390
09/15/1998 12.613 15.00 1.1890
09/25/1998 11.925 14.30 1.1990
09/27/1998 10.925 12.01 1.0990
09/28/1998 05.005 06.20 1.2390
09/29/1998 07.884 08.90 1.1290
09/30/1998 13.880 10.94 1.2690
10/01/1998 11.122 13.00 1.1690
10/02/1998 07.371 08.25 1.1190
10/02/1998 04.089 04.90 1.1990
10/04/1998 10.459 12.75 1.2190
10/06/1998 11.648 13.50 1.1590
10/08/1998 13.700 16.70 1.2190
10/09/1998 12.618 14.75 1.1690
10/24/1998 10.340 12.60 1.2190
10/25/1998 08.943 10.72 1.1990
11/02/1998 13.732 16.74 1.2190
12/01/1998 12.830 15.25 1.1890
12/21/1998 09.960 11.84 1.1890
12/24/1998 12.916 14.97 1.1590
12/30/1998 13.820 16.43 1.1890
01/19/1999 13.261 15.50 1.1690
02/10/1999 14.238 16.50 1.1590
03/02/1999 14.023 16.25 1.1590
03/26/1999 13.928 16.70 1.1990
04/10/1999 10.929 13.54 1.2390
04/14/1999 12.117 15.50 1.2790
04/20/1999 13.502 17.27 1.2790
05/12/1999 13.441 17.59 1.3090
05/31/1999 13.893 18.19 1.3090
06/20/1999 13.682 17.77 1.2990
07/08/1999 13.938 17.97 1.2890
07/25/1999 13.292 17.67 1.3290
08/12/1999 14.096 19.30 1.3690
08/21/1999 7.254 9.93 1.3690
08/27/1999 12.546 17.55 1.3990
08/31/1999 8.532 11.94 1.3990
09/08/1999 13.760 18.98 1.3790
10/02/1999 13.890 19.71 1.4190
10/21/1999 13.743 19.23 1.3990
11/15/1999 13.878 18.86 1.3590
12/08/1999 13.962 19.25 1.3790
12/19/1999 10.119 13.95 1.3790
12/22/1999 12.113 18.16 1.4990
12/27/1999 6.265 9.39 1.4990
12/29/1999 9.747 13.64 1.3990
01/19/2000 12.852 18.37 1.4290
02/03/2000 13.798 20.68 1.4990
02/27/2000 13.464 21.13 1.5690
03/15/2000 13.114 22.81 1.7390
03/26/2000 10.461 17.98 1.7190
04/05/2000 11.602 19.36 1.6690
04/07/2000 3.525 5.88 1.6690
04/12/2000 12.866 22.37 1.7390
04/14/2000 4.459 7.58 1.6990
04/20/2000 12.936 20.94 1.6190
05/04/2000 13.658 21.84 1.5990
05/25/2000 14.017 23.25 1.6590
06/19/2000 13.528 23.80 1.7590
07/11/2000 13.393 23.56 1.7590
08/02/2000 13.863 23.41 1.6890
08/22/2000 14.012 23.25 1.6590
08/27/2000 12.584 21.88 1.7390
08/30/2000 5.302 9.22 1.7390
09/08/2000 13.766 23.25 1.6890
09/30/2000 13.605 22.57 1.6590
10/22/2000 13.873 21.63 1.5590
11/14/2000 13.782 21.49 1.5590
12/04/2000 13.668 22.13 1.6190
12/20/2000 13.609 20.94 1.5390
12/20/2000 8.905 14.51 1.6290
12/24/2000 5.858 9.54 1.6290
12/30/2000 13.688 21.07 1.5390
01/18/2001 13.383 21.40 1.5990
01/30/2001 9.061 14.58 1.6090
02/09/2001 13.735 22.10 1.6090
03/05/2001 13.818 22.23 1.6090
03/30/2001 13.771 22.57 1.6390
04/06/2001 4.016 6.62 1.6490
04/11/2001 12.605 22.68 1.7990
04/14/2001 3.834 7.13 1.8590
04/23/2001 13.760 25.30 1.8390
05/16/2001 13.736 25.67 1.8690
06/11/2001 11.117 20.00 1.7990
06/22/2001 13.235 23.68 1.7890
07/18/2001 13.579 21.44 1.5790
08/09/2001 13.657 20.47 1.4990
08/23/2001 9.680 15.27 1.5490
08/29/2001 12.446 19.90 1.5990
09/06/2001 13.947 22.02 1.5790
09/30/2001 13.728 21.81 1.5890
10/22/2001 13.051 18.52 1.4190
11/14/2001 13.878 18.03 1.2990
12/08/2001 14.035 16.55 1.1790
12/19/2001 9.072 10.88 1.1990
12/22/2001 13.494 17.26 1.2790
12/26/2001 4.950 6.33 1.2790
12/31/2001 13.465 16.14 1.1990
01/18/2002 14.022 17.65 1.2590
02/06/2002 13.625 17.15 1.2590
02/27/2002 12.657 16.69 1.3190
03/15/2002 9.285 13.83 1.4890
03/31/2002 13.137 21.01 1.5990
04/05/2002 6.003 9.72 1.6190
04/11/2002 12.740 20.63 1.6190
04/13/2002 3.694 6.05 1.6390
04/20/2002 13.485 21.97 1.6290
05/09/2002 13.286 21.24 1.5990
06/01/2002 13.160 20.78 1.5790
#06/24/2002 13.356 17.75 1.3290 #pump apparently charging reg unleaded price
07/13/2002 13.258 19.87 1.4990
07/31/2002 13.276 20.70 1.5590
08/13/2002 9.637 15.02 1.5590
08/17/2002 13.781 21.35 1.5490
08/20/2002 4.411 7.05 1.5990
08/27/2002 13.538 21.11 1.5590
09/15/2002 13.623 21.92 1.6090
09/30/2002 13.838 21.99 1.5890
10/13/2002 10.643 17.23 1.6190
10/27/2002 13.778 22.86 1.6590
11/09/2002 13.463 21.80 1.6190
11/24/2002 13.568 21.97 1.6190
12/15/2002 13.796 22.06 1.5990
12/19/2002 4.063 6.58 1.6190
12/19/2002 10.299 15.95 1.5490
12/26/2002 8.337 13.33 1.5990
12/26/2002 9.618 15.57 1.6190
01/07/2003 14.082 23.93 1.6990
01/20/2003 12.541 21.18 1.6890
02/10/2003 13.596 24.46 1.7990
02/23/2003 13.571 24.69 1.8190
02/25/2003 8.247 15.00 1.8190
03/09/2003 12.804 23.29 1.8190
03/25/2003 11.930 22.30 1.8690
04/05/2003 12.936 24.18 1.8690
04/07/2003 11.787 20.50 1.7390
04/11/2003 6.759 11.75 1.7390
04/13/2003 5.086 8.64 1.6990
04/20/2003 13.439 23.64 1.7590
05/06/2003 13.799 22.62 1.6390
05/21/2003 10.466 16.74 1.5990
06/08/2003 13.692 21.62 1.5790
06/26/2003 13.182 21.08 1.5990
07/20/2003 13.125 21.51 1.6390
08/05/2003 12.191 20.59 1.6890
08/21/2003 12.156 21.50 1.7690
09/04/2003 10.890 19.37 1.7790
09/04/2003 9.800 17.63 1.7990
09/10/2003 7.151 12.86 1.7990
09/17/2003 13.067 22.72 1.7390
10/07/2003 13.685 22.70 1.6590
10/20/2003 13.470 22.35 1.6590
11/02/2003 11.241 18.20 1.6190
11/11/2003 13.256 21.20 1.5990
12/05/2003 5.384 8.50 1.5790 #bad pump, about 13.3 gal probably
12/17/2003 11.453 18.08 1.5790
12/19/2003 10.648 17.77 1.6690
12/26/2003 9.731 16.24 1.6690
12/30/2003 12.681 20.02 1.5790
01/11/2004 13.372 22.18 1.6590
01/28/2004 13.523 23.92 1.7690
02/17/2004 13.726 23.87 1.7390
03/05/2004 13.534 24.35 1.7990
03/22/2004 13.598 24.73 1.8190
04/07/2004 11.835 21.88 1.8490
04/08/2004 9.355 17.77 1.8990
04/14/2004 8.038 15.75 1.9590
04/18/2004 13.241 25.14 1.8990
05/09/2004 14.071 27.85 1.9790
05/26/2004 13.625 28.74 2.1090
06/10/2004 13.258 26.90 2.0290
06/23/2004 11.037 21.95 1.9890
07/07/2004 13.595 26.22 1.9290
07/24/2004 13.318 26.09 1.9590
08/09/2004 13.249 25.82 1.9490
08/23/2004 13.859 26.87 1.9390
08/26/2004 11.959 24.38 2.0390
09/01/2004 6.253 12.50 1.9990
09/05/2004 12.190 23.51 1.9290
09/17/2004 13.626 26.15 1.9190
09/30/2004 13.437 27.26 2.0290
10/16/2004 13.497 28.20 2.0890
10/26/2004 13.600 27.87 2.0490
11/10/2004 13.538 27.47 2.0290
11/22/2004 13.683 27.76 2.0290
12/06/2004 13.263 26.91 2.0290
12/18/2004 13.341 25.20 1.8890
12/20/2004 10.205 19.58 1.9190
12/27/2004 8.565 16.44 1.9190
01/06/2005 12.803 24.06 1.8790
01/18/2005 12.808 25.60 1.9990
02/05/2005 13.690 27.91 2.0390
02/24/2005 13.685 26.81 1.9590
03/10/2005 13.390 28.91 2.1590
03/29/2005 13.860 31.59 2.2790
04/16/2005 13.365 31.26 2.3390
04/30/2005 14.016 32.64 2.3290
05/15/2005 13.307 30.06 2.2590
05/30/2005 13.905 30.58 2.1990
06/12/2005 13.944 31.50 2.2590
06/26/2005 13.503 31.31 2.3190
07/09/2005 13.443 33.33 2.4790
07/26/2005 13.461 32.56 2.4190
08/10/2005 10.905 27.91 2.5590
08/11/2005 8.938 24.57 2.7490
08/17/2005 5.606 16.08 2.8690
08/23/2005 11.661 32.64 2.7990
09/05/2005 13.232 42.06 3.1790
09/19/2005 11.845 36.47 3.0790
09/22/2005 10.964 32.66 2.9790
09/23/2005 8.579 25.73 2.9990
10/01/2005 12.200 38.78 3.1790
10/23/2005 12.962 38.87 2.9990
11/06/2005 13.695 36.55 2.6690
11/23/2005 13.419 31.39 2.3390
12/01/2005 13.553 30.62 2.2590
12/16/2005 13.807 32.85 2.3790
12/20/2005 4.263 10.06 2.3590
12/21/2005 9.585 23.19 2.4190
12/28/2005 12.374 29.69 2.3990
01/01/2006 13.685 32.56 2.3790
01/14/2006 13.435 33.57 2.4990
01/29/2006 13.437 33.58 2.4990
02/18/2006 13.554 32.79 2.4190
02/28/2006 11.140 26.50 2.3790
03/06/2006 13.489 32.90 2.4390
03/17/2006 13.356 36.05 2.6990
04/05/2006 13.880 39.41 2.8390
04/07/2006 10.111 30.93 3.0590
04/13/2006 7.058 21.87 3.0990
04/17/2006 13.577 40.72 2.9990
05/02/2006 13.485 42.33 3.1390
05/16/2006 13.689 42.83 3.1290
05/29/2006 13.965 43.14 3.0890
06/12/2006 13.451 42.09 3.1290
06/23/2006 13.435 41.64 3.0990
07/11/2006 13.353 41.65 3.1190
07/28/2006 13.445 42.07 3.1290
08/10/2006 13.305 41.50 3.1190
08/17/2006 6.259 19.77 3.1590
08/18/2006 9.387 29.09 3.0990
08/24/2006 6.062 18.18 2.9990
08/29/2006 13.649 40.93 2.9990
09/09/2006 13.660 36.60 2.6790
09/24/2006 13.792 32.54 2.3590
10/08/2006 13.453 31.74 2.3590
10/22/2006 13.167 30.80 2.3390
11/09/2006 13.743 32.14 2.3390
11/27/2006 13.544 30.87 2.2790
12/10/2006 13.861 32.70 2.3590
12/20/2006 12.664 30.38 2.3990
12/21/2006 8.974 21.98 2.4490
12/28/2006 7.296 18.09 2.4790
01/02/2007 13.724 32.92 2.3990
01/13/2007 13.585 32.59 2.3990
01/28/2007 13.522 30.55 2.2590
02/11/2007 13.452 30.66 2.2790
02/24/2007 13.578 33.66 2.4790
03/09/2007 13.916 36.17 2.5990
03/26/2007 13.419 36.22 2.6990
04/10/2007 12.804 39.17 3.0590
04/11/2007 9.329 28.54 3.0590
04/17/2007 4.863 15.07 3.0990
04/23/2007 13.568 42.05 3.0990
05/07/2007 9.934 31.78 3.1990
05/20/2007 13.621 45.75 3.3590
06/02/2007 13.126 43.30 3.2990
06/16/2007 13.415 43.72 3.2590
07/03/2007 13.464 41.72 3.0990
07/18/2007 13.412 41.83 3.1190
08/04/2007 13.468 43.08 3.1990
08/16/2007 13.360 41.40 3.0990
08/19/2007 10.773 33.39 3.0990
08/25/2007 5.652 16.95 2.9990
08/26/2007 12.548 38.89 3.0990
09/05/2007 12.606 39.07 3.0990
09/19/2007 13.914 40.89 2.9390
09/28/2007 10.992 34.06 3.0990
10/08/2007 13.493 39.93 2.9590
10/27/2007 13.468 40.39 2.9990
11/11/2007 13.579 43.44 3.1990
11/27/2007 13.322 43.02 3.2290
12/13/2007 13.694 43.81 3.1990
12/18/2007 3.825 12.24 3.1990
12/19/2007 9.301 29.75 3.1990
12/26/2007 7.367 23.57 3.1990
01/02/2008 13.082 41.33 3.1590
01/14/2008 13.725 45.00 3.2790
01/31/2008 13.318 42.60 3.1990
02/14/2008 10.905 34.89 3.1990
02/28/2008 13.258 44.53 3.3590
03/19/2008 13.378 47.61 3.5590
04/07/2008 13.055 47.77 3.6590
04/08/2008 9.154 33.49 3.6590
04/14/2008 6.370 24.20 3.7990
04/21/2008 13.589 51.62 3.7990
05/11/2008 13.627 54.49 3.9990
05/31/2008 13.769 56.44 4.0990
06/16/2008 13.585 57.86 4.2590
07/06/2008 13.604 59.84 4.3990
07/19/2008 13.381 58.86 4.3990
08/03/2008 12.541 51.41 4.0990
08/19/2008 10.893 41.82 3.8390
08/20/2008 9.285 36.20 3.8990
08/26/2008 5.426 21.16 3.8990
08/27/2008 11.790 44.79 3.7990
08/29/2008 2.132 7.97 3.7390
09/10/2008 8.681 32.46 3.7390
09/29/2008 12.504 48.75 3.8990
10/19/2008 13.434 47.01 3.4990
11/04/2008 13.872 31.06 2.2390
11/24/2008 13.954 26.22 1.8790
12/16/2008 13.593 23.77 1.7490
12/19/2008 10.630 21.25 1.9990
12/24/2008 4.336 7.58 1.7490
12/29/2008 13.380 21.26 1.5890
01/22/2009 13.809 25.39 1.8390
02/11/2009 13.731 27.31 1.9890
03/01/2009 13.540 26.93 1.9890
03/16/2009 13.542 26.94 1.9890
03/24/2009 9.901 20.68 2.0890
04/05/2009 13.485 29.52 2.1890
04/07/2009 2.532 5.54 2.1890
04/13/2009 13.605 32.64 2.3990
04/16/2009 13.954 30.55 2.1890
05/04/2009 13.270 29.05 2.1890
05/18/2009 13.542 32.49 2.3990
05/30/2009 13.529 34.89 2.5790
06/14/2009 13.623 36.36 2.6690
06/21/2009 10.523 28.40 2.6990
07/02/2009 14.146 38.18 2.6990
07/17/2009 14.009 36.41 2.5990
07/24/2009 11.641 29.79 2.5590
08/02/2009 13.046 34.43 2.6390
08/12/2009 9.516 25.49 2.6790
08/15/2009 12.635 37.89 2.9990
08/18/2009 3.233 9.53 2.9490
08/19/2009 10.979 28.97 2.6390
08/24/2009 13.601 35.89 2.6390
08/29/2009 11.585 30.57 2.6390
09/06/2009 13.674 35.54 2.5990
09/16/2009 13.192 34.29 2.5990
09/23/2009 11.068 28.32 2.5590
09/30/2009 13.885 36.92 2.6590
10/11/2009 12.899 31.72 2.4590
10/17/2009 13.444 36.02 2.6790
10/24/2009 10.671 29.23 2.7390
11/05/2009 13.611 35.92 2.6390
11/15/2009 10.474 27.54 2.6290
11/25/2009 13.064 34.08 2.6090
12/06/2009 12.418 34.01 2.7390
12/18/2009 13.966 36.72 2.6290
12/19/2009 10.159 29.15 2.8690
12/26/2009 8.234 23.62 2.8690
12/29/2009 13.184 36.11 2.7390
01/10/2010 12.815 35.61 2.7790
01/24/2010 13.640 37.36 2.7390
02/06/2010 13.294 36.15 2.7190
03/05/2010 13.839 38.74 2.7990
04/02/2010 13.462 38.22 2.8390
04/06/2010 4.475 13.51 3.0190
04/07/2010 9.516 29.49 3.0990
04/13/2010 7.652 24.86 3.2490
04/17/2010 13.841 41.23 2.9790
04/29/2010 13.326 39.70 2.9790
05/09/2010 13.730 41.04 2.9890
05/22/2010 13.345 39.75 2.9790
06/05/2010 13.566 39.60 2.9190
06/18/2010 13.787 41.35 2.9990
06/25/2010 11.009 31.69 2.8790
07/10/2010 13.354 37.11 2.7790
07/25/2010 13.931 39.83 2.8590
08/08/2010 13.695 39.43 2.8790
08/20/2010 13.432 38.13 2.8390
08/29/2010 13.472 36.90 2.7390
09/09/2010 10.982 30.30 2.7590
09/12/2010 11.254 32.18 2.8590
09/15/2010 5.635 16.39 2.8990
09/19/2010 13.409 37.80 2.8190
10/03/2010 13.592 37.77 2.7790
10/12/2010 13.954 40.17 2.8790
10/25/2010 12.353 36.43 2.9490
11/08/2010 13.157 39.46 2.9990
11/22/2010 13.763 40.72 2.9590
12/08/2010 13.419 40.78 3.0390
12/19/2010 11.790 36.30 3.0790
12/22/2010 12.099 38.22 3.1590
12/26/2010 4.377 14.00 3.1990
12/29/2010 13.631 43.33 3.1790
01/12/2011 13.868 44.36 3.1990
01/25/2011 13.540 44.13 3.2590
02/09/2011 13.486 43.41 3.2190
02/21/2011 12.022 40.14 3.3390
03/06/2011 13.499 49.12 3.6390
03/20/2011 13.338 50.40 3.7790
04/02/2011 14.043 54.75 3.8990
04/07/2011 5.625 22.16 3.9390
04/08/2011 10.584 42.33 3.9990
04/12/2011 5.009 20.53 4.0990
04/13/2011 11.475 47.04 4.0990
04/24/2011 13.355 54.48 4.0790
05/07/2011 13.392 56.23 4.1990
05/20/2011 13.658 55.71 4.0790
06/03/2011 13.610 53.07 3.8990
06/18/2011 13.358 50.61 3.7890
07/01/2011 13.839 50.91 3.6790
07/16/2011 14.001 51.23 3.6590
07/30/2011 13.468 52.38 3.8890
08/15/2011 13.365 52.11 3.8990
08/17/2011 11.058 41.79 3.7790
08/22/2011 5.261 19.46 3.6990
08/23/2011 10.867 39.33 3.6190
09/04/2011 12.699 45.96 3.6190
09/16/2011 13.561 50.03 3.6890
09/30/2011 13.495 46.14 3.4190
10/14/2011 13.595 46.89 3.4490
10/26/2011 13.264 49.59 3.7390
11/12/2011 13.052 44.76 3.4290
11/27/2011 13.548 45.91 3.3890
12/10/2011 13.632 46.61 3.4190
01/02/2012 12.792 42.84 3.3490
01/15/2012 13.491 47.47 3.5190
02/01/2012 13.296 52.24 3.9290
02/17/2012 13.104 48.73 3.7190
03/02/2012 12.495 48.34 3.8690
Peregrinator
Hooded On A Hill
- Joined
- May 27, 2004
- Posts
- 89,482
Just for you, off2. Because you seem to have reading comprehension problems.
off2bed
Disambiguator
- Joined
- Apr 11, 2008
- Posts
- 16,104
That has nothing to do with your thread. Economics is not science. Even if it were, nothing in science is established fact, if you want to get technical. All we have are theories no one has yet disproven.
No, because you presented them in a simple minded partisan manner, which is not worth my attention. I posted in this thread to remind others not to take your BS seriously.
You're like a little kid saying dinosaurs were furry warm blooded reptiles, and can't handle it when people scoff and ridicule you. You really want a reasoned refutation that dinosaurs weren't furry warm blooded reptiles? I don't think so.
busybody..
Literotica Guru
- Joined
- Jul 28, 2002
- Posts
- 149,503
discussing economicks with NIGGERWHORE is like discussing quantum physics with a jack ass
