Psychology of Character Motivation

Alessia Brio

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I recently attended the La Jolla Writers' Conference. As I sift through my notes, I hope to capture some of the tidbits I found interesting/helpful. (Kudos to the AH, though. Based on what was reinforced there by agents and best-selling authors, I can attest that we have one hell of an exceptional resource here.) Anyway, the following is from a session presented by Doug Lyle:

Characters are defined how they fit into several arenas or domains: emotions, life skills, creativity, intellect, sociability, work ethic, morality, and spirituality.

Within each arena, a character fits somewhere along a spectrum between two poles:

EMOTIONS:........TOUGH GUY ......................................................... WHINER
LIFE SKILLS:......TEAM PLAYER ....................................................... REBEL
CREATIVITY:......DOER .................................................................. DREAMER
INTELLECT:........SMART ................................................................ DUMB
SOCIABILITY:....OUTGOING .......................................................... WALL FLOWER
WORK ETHIC:....GRINDER ............................................................. LAZY
MORALITY:........GOOD GUY ........................................................... BAD GUY
SPIRITUALITY:...BELIEVER ............................................................ DOUBTER

A character will, to varying degrees, tend toward one pole or the other. The opposite polarity will be his "shadow side," which is what gives him depth and credibility. Without a "shadow side," the character will seem flat/one-dimensional.

Character arc is the shift from one pole toward the other. It is usually most pronounced with your protagonist. The antagonist is the "pole around which everyone else dances." The plot applies stressors to the characters and pushes them off balance, and in the process of rebalancing, the characters arc.

To demonstrate, he plotted a couple of well-known characters along the continuum between each pole at the beginning of the book/movie and again at the end -- showing how they changed (and thereby made the story more interesting/engaging): Clarice from Silence of the Lambs and Sarah Connor from Terminator.

He said that the problem with serial characters (James Patterson's Alex Cross, for example) is that they can only arc so much before they appear wishy-washy to the reader.
 
This is the example he made of Sarah Connor from Terminator.

At the beginning of the movie:
EMOTIONS:........TOUGH GUY ...................................................X..... WHINER
LIFE SKILLS:......TEAM PLAYER ....X.................................................. REBEL
CREATIVITY:......DOER ...........................................................X...... DREAMER
INTELLECT:........SMART ...............................................X................ DUMB
SOCIABILITY:....OUTGOING .....X.................................................... WALL FLOWER
WORK ETHIC:....GRINDER ................................................X............ LAZY
MORALITY:........GOOD GUY .....X..................................................... BAD GUY
SPIRITUALITY:...BELIEVER ..................X......................................... DOUBTER

At the end of the movie:
EMOTIONS:........TOUGH GUY .X....................................................... WHINER
LIFE SKILLS:......TEAM PLAYER ....................................................X.. REBEL
CREATIVITY:......DOER ..X............................................................... DREAMER
INTELLECT:........SMART ...X............................................................ DUMB
SOCIABILITY:....OUTGOING ..................................................X....... WALL FLOWER
WORK ETHIC:....GRINDER ...X......................................................... LAZY
MORALITY:........GOOD GUY .......................................................X... BAD GUY
SPIRITUALITY:...BELIEVER ........................................................X... DOUBTER


She did a complete about-face along almost every continuum.
 
I've got to admire how Harris handled ending the Hannibal Lecter/Clarice Starling story arc.

He had them living in sin and exchanging bodily fluids in Rio. After Lecter remade Starling into a nice little psychopath with drugs and hypnosis.

No more stories about those two.

On topic.

I'm am working on one series of stories where I am having trouble making one of the central characters change. Mostly because she changed so much in the first story.

I'm handling by explaining she keeps falling back to her old ways. Not sure it will work though.

What you posted gives men something to think about, Alessia. Thanks.
 
Reminds me strongly of the Personality Traits in Pendragon, an Arthurian knight, tabletop roleplaying game. There are 13 opposing pairs of Personality Traits that were meant to represent the kinds of conflicts that form the center of Aurthurian myths: Justice/Mercy, Valor/Cowardice, Pride/Modesty, Lust/Chastity, Indulgence/Temperance, etc. The code of chivalry honored a certain set, pagan Celts another, etc. Each trait was ranked 1 through 19, but the total of each pair could not be more than 20. Your knight's actions could be resolved by a roll of a twenty-sided die. It was fun to fail your Chastity check, but then your Lust would go up and you'd be another step away from the glory of true chivalry.

It also reminds me of the "Love ----- Fear" scale from Donnie Darko. :D
 
Alessia Brio said:
....

Within each arena, a character fits somewhere along a spectrum between two poles:

EMOTIONS:........TOUGH GUY ......................................................... WHINER
LIFE SKILLS:......TEAM PLAYER ....................................................... REBEL
CREATIVITY:......DOER .................................................................. DREAMER
INTELLECT:........SMART ................................................................ DUMB
SOCIABILITY:....OUTGOING .......................................................... WALL FLOWER
WORK ETHIC:....GRINDER ............................................................. LAZY
MORALITY:........GOOD GUY ........................................................... BAD GUY
SPIRITUALITY:...BELIEVER ............................................................ DOUBTER
And for the purposes of erotica, we could add a couple of specialised polarities;
SEXUALITY:...PRUDE ............................................................ LIBERTINE
or;
COMMITMENT LEVEL:...SLUT ............................................................ MONOGAMOUS (or visey-versy depending on the story's requirements)
EMOTIONAL OUTLOOK:...REPRESSED ............................................................ HEDONIST

At least, those are the directions I'd be going ;)
 
Stella_Omega said:
And for the purposes of erotica, we could add a couple of specialised polarities;
SEXUALITY:...PRUDE ............................................................ LIBERTINE
or;
COMMITMENT LEVEL:...SLUT ............................................................ MONOGAMOUS (or visey-versy depending on the story's requirements)
EMOTIONAL OUTLOOK:...REPRESSED ............................................................ HEDONIST
LOL! I love these additions!
 
Alessia Brio said:
Character arc is the shift from one pole toward the other. It is usually most pronounced with your protagonist. The antagonist is the "pole around which everyone else dances." The plot applies stressors to the characters and pushes them off balance, and in the process of rebalancing, the characters arc.

To demonstrate, he plotted a couple of well-known characters along the continuum between each pole at the beginning of the book/movie and again at the end -- showing how they changed (and thereby made the story more interesting/engaging): Clarice from Silence of the Lambs and Sarah Connor from Terminator.

He said that the problem with serial characters (James Patterson's Alex Cross, for example) is that they can only arc so much before they appear wishy-washy to the reader.
Happy you got a lot and happy others can share in your knowledge, but the seminar strangely reminds me of Robert McKee.

Learning how to write? Well, we could all use a lesson I am sure ... but a writer has it or doesn't, no?
 
CharleyH said:
Happy you got a lot and happy others can share in your knowledge, but the seminar strangely reminds me of Robert McKee.

Learning how to write? Well, we could all use a lesson I am sure ... but a writer has it or doesn't, no?
And what's the crime in wanting to have MORE? :cool:
 
CharleyH said:
Happy you got a lot and happy others can share in your knowledge, but the seminar strangely reminds me of Robert McKee.

Learning how to write? Well, we could all use a lesson I am sure ... but a writer has it or doesn't, no?

If you've no room for improvement, why are you here? Why the push for writerly threads? Either you want to improve or you're already perfect. Make up your mind.
 
impressive said:
If you've no room for improvement, why are you here? Why the push for writerly threads? Either you want to improve or you're already perfect. Make up your mind.
I was nicer than you. You were more straightforward than I. :rose:
 
impressive said:
If you've no room for improvement, why are you here? Why the push for writerly threads? Either you want to improve or you're already perfect. Make up your mind.

Let me again quote myself, and special for you, Imp, "WE COULD ALL use a lesson I am sure."
 
Alessia Brio said:
He said that the problem with serial characters (James Patterson's Alex Cross, for example) is that they can only arc so much before they appear wishy-washy to the reader.
Nice observation--I think that some characters really aren't meant to have such arcs; I don't mean main characters, but rather side characters. We are meant to see them at the Nexus, the point where they are rock stable. And trouble happens when you try to start sliding the along from one side to the other. Like with Hannibal Lecter and Clarice (sorry, Rob, I hated where the writer took them).

The thing is, Lecter starts out in one spot and has little to no arc in "Silence of the Lambs"--he's not meant to have much of one as his job is to help Clarice move along her arc, and if he changes too much than he won't be able to do his job. So he cannot, for example, start out ruthless and become merciful, start out smart and become dumb.

Once you start to give Lecter an arc, however,--well, there's only one way he can go sliding across from one side of that page to the other. Move him to the other side on almost any of his attributes and you start to lose him as a character. As you say, he gets wishy-washy.
 
impressive said:
If you've no room for improvement, why are you here? Why the push for writerly threads? Either you want to improve or you're already perfect. Make up your mind.
I think Charley's point is that simplification in this way can make writing mechanical and formulaic, avoiding depth and reality. Charley Kaufman, the brilliant screenwriter, examines this delemma in the movie "Adaptation" which goes from one extreme to the other, from reality to formula, in its examination of stories and character arcs.

Kaufman also examines the arc of characters and stories most creatively in "Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind"--which is one of the few movies to use the "backward" arc in a way that is natural rather than a gimmick, and to develop the character forward rather than just showing how they originally ended up where they are at the beginning of the movie.

The point is, story is an artifical medium, so how do you impose it on reality which often has no story? How do you develop characters naturally rather than just with a slide rule? Of all the books I've read, few biographies manage to tell a "story" in the same way a book or film would. *Permanent Midnight* is the one very notable and remarkable exception to this.
 
3113 said:
The point is, story is an artifical medium, so how do you impose it on reality which often has no story? How do you develop characters naturally rather than just with a slide rule? Of all the books I've read, few biographies manage to tell a "story" in the same way a book or film would. *Permanent Midnight* is the one very notable and remarkable exception to this.

Great points, 3113. I do not have an answer, yet it is certainly worth investigation in my own writing.

(PS - thanks for the save - didn't need it as I think people jump on me without reading my posts ... but yes, in the end, I do agree with you).
 
Kurt Vonnegut's "Bagombo Snuff Box: Uncollected Short Fiction" had eight rules for writing fiction, most of them focusing on character.

1. Use the time of a total stranger in such a way that he or she will not feel the time was wasted.
2. Give the reader at least one character he or she can root for.
3. Every character should want something, even if it is only a glass of water.
4. Every sentence must do one of two things -- reveal character or advance the action.
5. Start as close to the end as possible.
6. Be a sadist. No matter how sweet and innocent your leading characters, make awful things happen to them -- in order that the reader may see what they are made of.
7. Write to please just one person. If you open a window and make love to the world, so to speak, your story will get pneumonia.
8. Give your readers as much information as possible as soon as possible. To heck with suspense. Readers should have such complete understanding of what is going on, where and why, that they could finish the story themselves, should cockroaches eat the last few pages.

Personally, I disagree with rules number five and eight.
 
cumallday said:
Kurt Vonnegut's "Bagombo Snuff Box: Uncollected Short Fiction" had eight rules for writing fiction, most of them focusing on character.


Personally, I disagree with rules number five and eight.

I disagree with #6 and #8. Something bad doesn't need to happen in every story. Why can't we read or write about someone just having a great day?
 
3113 said:
The point is, story is an artifical medium, so how do you impose it on reality which often has no story? How do you develop characters naturally rather than just with a slide rule? Of all the books I've read, few biographies manage to tell a "story" in the same way a book or film would. *Permanent Midnight* is the one very notable and remarkable exception to this.
That is a problem, and one I'm struggling with right now, now that I'm trying to expand from short stories to longer work. I rather gave up on "Sarabande" when I realised that it was merely a strung-together series of incidents, in much the way real life is- but with, probably, a lot more sex ;) I couldn't find a point of conflict between the two main characters.
Now, I have three possible story arcs that I'd like to develop but I'm having trouble fleshing them out. I know the basic beginning middle and ends of each of them, action-wise. But the characters need to move forward, and addressing that is my current task. Deciding who is protagonist and who is antagonist, and if they can switch roles once in a while, and where.
Not to mention motivations and actions for the bad guys, something I suck at. :(
 
TheeGoatPig said:
I disagree with #6 and #8. Something bad doesn't need to happen in every story. Why can't we read or write about someone just having a great day?

Because it's dull?
 
cloudy said:
Because it's dull?

So if you had a day full of mind blowing orgasms, stumbling across a large sum of money, having fun and being with friends and loved ones, you would feel bored, as if nothing exciting happened?
 
TheeGoatPig said:
So if you had a day full of mind blowing orgasms, stumbling across a large sum of money, having fun and being with friends and loved ones, you would feel bored, as if nothing exciting happened?
well, what I would try to do, as the author- what I would be interested in as a reader- would be the reasons why this day is so fulfilling- the guy hasn't been laid in years until today, he needed that money, the chance to leave the humdrum for a day of fun and loving companionship- that would be the narrative tension in that story. The black velvet on which the sparklies are laid out.

Or, the mind-blowing sex would be the proof of the continuing love between him and his SO, with the unspoken thought that this kind of love is so precious and rare- another kind of tension. Look over your happy stories, and see if you don't find something like that, unspoken perhaps, but woven right into the fabric of the tale.
 
Stella_Omega said:
That is a problem, and one I'm struggling with right now, now that I'm trying to expand from short stories to longer work. I rather gave up on "Sarabande" when I realised that it was merely a strung-together series of incidents, in much the way real life is- but with, probably, a lot more sex ;) I couldn't find a point of conflict between the two main characters.
Now, I have three possible story arcs that I'd like to develop but I'm having trouble fleshing them out. I know the basic beginning middle and ends of each of them, action-wise. But the characters need to move forward, and addressing that is my current task. Deciding who is protagonist and who is antagonist, and if they can switch roles once in a while, and where.
Not to mention motivations and actions for the bad guys, something I suck at. :(
Interesting. Going thru (went) this myself (as I said in one post - and for the past two years). First you must as a writer decide who the hero is or on which side of the fence you as a writer ground yourself with that or any character. You must decide the end - in this kind of scenario - before you can write the beginning. Once you decide the end? The rest will come, I guarantee it, Stell!
 
CharleyH said:
Interesting. Going thru (went) this myself (as I said in one post - and for the past two years). First you must as a writer decide who the hero is or on which side of the fence you as a writer ground yourself with that or any character. You must decide the end - in this kind of scenario - before you can write the beginning. Once you decide the end? The rest will come, I guarantee it, Stell!
Oh, if only!

No, I'm serious- here I have a pirate ship full of pleasure-loving rascals, up against the dour, self-righteous, genocidal, Puritan separatists of Boston, ca 1670- who want to do my pirates as much dirt as they can. We can use the libertinage as an excuse, but the real motivation of course, is profit.

But damned if I can think of a method, where this nasty action would start from. because, truthfully, I have never written any sort of double-dealer into anything yet. It must be some sort of avoidance issue.
I think I need to address this in therapy.

Or, just crib from the Aubrey/Matelin series ;)
 
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